India Foundation

Six Decades of Space Experience and India’s Role in Emerging New Race for Space

Preamble

Major events that started the Space Race was the launch of Sputnik 1 – the first artificial earth satellite in a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957. Subsequently, Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet pilot and astronaut, aboard Vostok 1, completed one orbit of earth on 12 April 1961. This was the first successful crewed spaceflight in the world. In response, US President John F Kennedy gave his vision to put man on the Moon by end of the 1960’s and get him safely back to earth.

Tagore wrote on freedom of mind “Mana mere megher shangeet, udi jaye dig digantar pani, nisshim shunye, Shravan varshan shangeete.” (My mind is like the music made by clouds in rainy season, it flies high with freedom). Similar reference is found in Syen Chiti and Dwa Suparna of RigVed. In his book ‘Jonathan Livingston Seagull’, Richard Bach writes about a seagull who is trying to learn about flying, personal reflection, freedom, and self-realisation. This spirit of freedom lived in most of the 140,000 people team, including most Americans but several percent new-world citizens like me for coming together to make the Apollo 11 programme a success, which led to the first crewed mission to the moon on 20 July 1969.

In the Indian context, PM Modi factors in creating spark in the eyes of youth of 2023 India. The late President Kalam was focussed on igniting the young minds around New Millennium 2000, and Dr. Vikram Sarabhai gave forth his vision (he inspired me, Prof. UR Rao, and Dr. Vasant Gowarikar, among others, to return to India and contribute).

A wonderful result in a fearful world polarised by superpowers but with decisive victory of sustained democracy and freedom of mind, with political stability, made the decade 1962-1972 a great history of human space exploration. In sum, 12 men set foot on the Moon, 12 additional men orbited the Moon without landing, and resulted in smaller space programs later. Our team of a dozen NASA HQ scientists and engineers (myself included) trained them and provided oversight for all experiments that astronauts performed on the Moon and in cislunar space. Our Apollo Motto was Fail-Fail-Failsafe! This related to primary, secondary, and tertiary backup systems. We had no loss of human life in space, only one mission could not land on moon, and we routinely provided 60 observatories to optically track all Apollo missions. When such mottos are ignored or alerts compromised by authority over freedom, mishaps happen such as Shuttles Discovery, Columbia and initially INSAT satellites in India.

Almost 55 years later, still waiting for two more years before seeing other humans land on the Moon, the world realises the risks and costs but there is upsurge in seeing the benefits in future to make investments and costs (ROI and TCO) worthwhile today, with a mix of robotic and live human mix in the overall space race—the second wave after Apollo. Imagine the accomplishments that the US would have had if there were no gaps in human space programs! These gaps were due to shortsighted vision of those funding the space program, namely the US Congress and the Executive, with 4-year term vision, while such programs require wisdom with longer time horizons.

In human space program accomplishments, many firsts were from former Soviet Union with Mir, Soyuz, duration in space, women in space etc.. Today, Skylab, Apollo-Soyuz, Space Shuttle, International Space Station are excellent international cooperation examples, which raise hopes of future successful programs between democratic free world and the countries with dictatorships. After the signing of Artemis Accord, India has realigned itself with the freedom block where it can unleash pent-up energy of young minds, hopefully catching up and maybe someday soon, exceeding China’s already excellent accomplishments. It is not out of place to mention that in the former Soviet Union, now Russia as also in China, after the supreme authority, the next level of autonomy has often been in the hands of technology and science leaders, such as academicians in the former USSR.

Top level Human Space Flight Enablers include proven capabilities e.g., launch vehicles (LV), life support systems, rendezvous, docking, ingress, reentry, and landing. Other infrastructure needed is communications, power, food and supplies, systems for experiments, laboratories, software, backup, etc. Critical for the US was development of Saturn V (stages I, II and IVB) and now three US large LVs—SpaceX Falcon 9, Starship (including Falcon Super Heavy) and United Launch Alliance SLS used for Artemis. Next decade’s human space missions will use these three LVs.

After Apollo 3-Man Command and Service Module, (CSM), an advanced Orion CSM has been built, supporting crew of up to 6 astronauts for Moon and beyond, with Command Module being reusable. Other important elements are Gateway as a lunar orbiting station for transfer of humans to lunar surface using Starship-Orion combination, other options for cargo and astronaut lunar habitat buildup, and return to Earth. Mars human mission capability will perhaps be Artemis combination of Starship and Orion and multiple countries modules.

China has plans for sending humans to Moon while it has nearly a decade’s human space stations experience and very safe program. India has only one flight experience; that of astronaut Rakesh Sharma with 1984 Soyuz mission. Gaganyaan is India’s current program where astronauts and related systems are based on Russian help and training. It is an independent LEO program signed up before Artemis Accord. Now, there are at least two paths available to India, one as country program and other leveraging Artemis Accord. It is important to note that I wrote a 25-page report in 1975 (still in ISRO HQ library), that proposed India’s participation in the NASA Space Shuttle program. If that had been accepted, we would have raised the number of Indian astronauts to a dozen or more today as ISS had opened more opportunities beyond the space shuttle. But it takes courage like Sarabhai’s and real leadership at the apex level like Modi’s—and both were not available for 50 years—to leverage such opportunities.

Historic ISS and Shuttle missions have gained lot of human spaceflight results including life and health data and genomics data over last 20-30 years of LEO missions. I proposed two experiments for ISS prior to 2000, one on particle movements in microgravity which was not approved; the other was bioinformatics based, for detecting genes suitable for microgravity survival and for exploring mutations triggered by microgravity, by keeping track of natural and space based successive generations of rodents on ISS. This was accepted in principle for 100 generations (10 years), but funding was not available. Subsequently, one-year human genomic map, including changes, for astronauts during their stay on ISS and comparative data on flight of identical twins (Kelly) are available to NASA.

Similarly, not only for Earth use, microgravity manufactured drugs have been tested to treat ailments of long duration spaceflights for future astronauts. We can guess alternative medical and health paths for spaceflight in future decades related to controlled hibernation (like yogis) and for social and mental wellbeing (Yajurved: Tan me Manah Shiva sankalpamastu) to enable action using noble thoughts.

History is witness to the fact that human energy can be harnessed to wonderful capabilities when given an atmosphere of freedom. Dr. Werner Von Braun (my mentor and guide along with Chuck Mathews for my participation in Apollo, Skylab, Shuttle and Space Station) is the hero who made Saturn V possible. His counterpart in the German team also made Soviet rockets possible after Hitler’s defeat, as this team was under pressure, producing V2 rockets. These two teams were heading US and USSR programs. Future generations will recognise similar leadership and vision of Elon Musk. Starship, with double the capabilities to deliver payloads as compared to SLS and with reusability, is likely to become the LV of choice for lunar and other human and robotic missions.

China’s LV program owes its existence to Qian Xuesen (Tsien Hsue-Shen) a prominent Chinese aerodynamicist and cyberneticist who contributed to rocket science and established engineering cybernetics (He had Caltech and MIT background). I had participated in a contract at Hughes at Maryland facility in 1998 to train a dozen Chinese space engineers in building remote sensing satellites, payloads and software-based multiplexers for efficient data processing. They have grown a strong Earth observation satellite program. Subsequently, such facilities for China were denied by US Congress in early 2010.

In Indian context, as Scientific Secretary ISRO HQ, I was having technical oversight of all major ISRO programs; the solid rocket fuel development indigenously was by Dr. Vasant Gowarikar’s team and integration of first solid fuelled LV for non-human payloads was by APJ Abdul Kalam who later became President of India. There were many others who were first in building satellites such as Prof UR Rao. In remote sensing programs, I was able to conceptualise and produce Bhaskara satellites, and also in establishing an agency now called National Remote Sensing Center, ISRO. Later, after I left ISRO, under Dr. Kasturirangan’s and Dr. George Joseph’s leadership, IRS program thrived while INSAT program went through a decade of mission failures due to faulty design, estimated too risky by me and was the primary reason for my leaving ISRO 5-6 years before the satellites were launched.

Subsequently with technology developments and design changes, satellite programs have advanced, including Communication, Earth Observation and Navigation. Only now have scientific satellites been emphasised including 3 Chandrayaan missions, one Mars mission and Aditya L1 solar observatory. An Xray astronomy satellite has also recently been announced. Prof. S. Chandrasekhar (Nobel Laureate) has been honoured by NASA by having the Chandra Observatory named after him.

Today, we need to ponder over the fact that we have polluted Earth and overpopulated it beyond its capacity to maintain the recycling processes to keep its beauty serene. While how much is its capacity is debatable and how much 1.5 deg K increase in average temperature would shut us down, progressively disabling breathing and availability of clean water among other resources, this certainly will go down in history as the folly of humankind. Commitments to restore the Earth and environment are hence of paramount importance. This does not preclude nuclear and other types of calamities due to virus, pandemics, and terrorism as also due to natural calamities due to interplanetary space objects disturbing the Earth. Hope the readers of this article will appreciate the wisdom of Space Launch Vehicle Expert, Dr Ajay Kothari. He is recognised by NASA and US Defense and is my colleague on Board of American Society of Engineers of India origin. His article has been published in this journal along with my article, which provides another excellent perspective, which I will not repeat here. Sufficient to say that serene peace in nature and ethics agreements are at least one way to make Earth pleasant and last a bit longer. This is a challenge, and every challenge is an opportunity for all entrepreneurs including budding enterprises from India.

Environment monitoring – author started contributing from 1972 onwards by doing band selection on ERTS 1 and 2 re-designated Landsat, and by participation in Terra, Aqua and Aura and Poes satellites, and for contributing to NASA EOSDIS Active Archives enabling anyone to access and assess Earth’s health changes over past 5-6 decades. Continuity of such programs is a global responsibility and if the US, ESA, and other participants slow down funding, emerging space countries have to at least fill the slack.

Two excellent examples, although not perfect, are LHC at CERN and ITER at France, more mature models of international funding must evolve for sustenance and meaningful earth goals, not micky-mouse egoism that is plaguing international politics today. Apollo like commitments in fusion research would have reduced thermal fossil fuel damage to environment as would have the hydrogen or early adoption of green electric vehicles.

The biggest challenge to stability is authoritative regimes and terrorism, and without population control and agreement on ethical civil societies, progress can be wiped out due to unpredictable events and risks. It is true that true justice for all is an utopian concept in reality, and it is amazing that despite such disturbances through history, humankind is making progress even though not very proudly.

India’s overpopulation is a threat and China’s is better controlled now but still next largest; also the rate of population growth in economically challenged countries is unsustainable. The feedback loop mechanism automatically reduces population as prosperity rises and affordability of offsprings quality of life enters the consideration. As we have made Earth almost unenjoyable through pollution and overcrowding, we have been doing the same already in LEO with 6k or more inactive debris (satellites and other parts, cascades of fragmentation) with no easy way to clean due to lack of regulation. Who will curb this bad Earth type culture? The UN seems to have taken a back seat, and when I represented India as alternate delegate in 1974 and 1977, the Outer Space Committee had more control than it has now as both superpowers and non-block consortium had more decision-making ability, despite slow progress. The fear is hence of similar chaos in new Space Race era while we explore Moon, asteroids and beyond for economic, knowledge and security reasons.

The Future

Where is near future taking us in these established areas in the next 10-20-50 year scenario! We can expect the following:

Communications : Wide-spectrum electromagnetic to laser optical and then quantum computing entangled states.

Planetary and natural satellites (moons): Remote sensing with hyperspectral imaging, and using other properties such as BRDF, polarisation, goniometry and AI enabled robotic missions as precursors of intelligent robots and human missions.

Energy: Solar is a big limitation impacting all outer planetary and interstellar robotic and remote observatories outreach. RTGs proven from 60 year old vintage are being used by other nations but for some reason not by India despite my recommendations in 2020 – Space.com article analyzing Chandrayaan-2 and suggestions for future ISRO missions. But for higher power requirements, active nuclear fission (preferably thorium) and fusion reactors will be required.

Reconnaissance and remote sensing: Situational Awareness, quantum computing, AI, Information curation, etc.

Exploration: Combination of above applications and infrastructure, as well as robotic and intelligent robotic missions. Present orbiters, landers, rovers, and helicopters on Mars for example have some of this especially with Systems Software upgrades from earth stations to on board systems. Sample returns from moon, planets and asteroids are going to be prevalent over next few decades at least.

Materials in and from Space: For long term survival (human habitat) and easy harvesting rare minerals for earth use, the renewed interest on lunar and asteroid material is increasing. China has brought automated Samples from Moon, US, EU and Japan from asteroids and Mars samples are encapsulated for return in future. This includes potential use of helium from Moon. India has begun planning lunar sample returns for Chandrayaan-4.

Manufacturing: Space based manufacturing in microgravity of crystals, pharma and other products for Earth use has been accomplished in Shuttle Spacelab and ISS. Automating and returning this on robotic missions is yet to happen for economy oof scale. But lunar material processing and building habitat under regolith for radiation protection is on design boards and will be part of Artemis program.

Robots and humans: Robots first for reconnaissance, establishment of infrastructure capabilities and thereafter rarely humans for their expertise and analytical abilities.

V2-Saturn-Starship and then where are we going? Candidates after achieving LEO payloads beyond chemicals are driven by success in developing fusion, nuclear fission, low deltaV ion propulsion, and other propulsion systems. Very long space robotic missions will likely use from these as they mature.

NASA Solar Studies next 2 Decades: Parker Solar Probe. Beside Parker, other active solar missions include Solar Orbiter, SOHO, ACE, IRIS, WIND, Hinode, the Solar Dynamics Observatory, and STEREO. Other International Probes include India’s first serious attempt Aditya L1. The coronal and cosmic solar emissions affect not only Van Allen belts and NEO/GEO space assets but also affect Earth Grids and other space weather phenomena. The studies concentrate in tracing the CMEs and particles from a few solar radii, Alfven region, and all the interplanetary space but most important is its effect on satellite services and earth. A breakthrough project is taking shape to combine solar studies, quantum annealing and information use with very high success rates promised.

Next 50 (~100) years are Solar Interplanetary Exploration Era: With inclusion of Kuiper belts, Oort cloud objects, asteroids, comets, and interstellar intrusions not limited by solar power and ensuring nearly 100+ year life of outer orbits missions, transforming Pioneer like probes with higher information links to Earth.

Search for intelligence: Environmentally conducive exoplanets and satellites (moons) for having life (even cellular) and success of efforts such as SETI.

Fallouts: Like those from space program in new unforeseen and planned use of space suitable technologies and for repurposing them.

Quantum computing: If the current efforts at quantum computing mature to a few thousand or beyond Qubits and entanglement is beneficially used, one may see huge space communications as well as deep space probes results capabilities and beyond such as higher success rates identifying exoplanets and eventual communications with other intelligence in space albeit with associated risks warned by Hawking among others.

Decadal and beyond Pathway for India

Cognisant of past reasons for break in tempo, India is poised to strengthen recently opened entrepreneurship pathways free from bureaucratic interference, ensuring continuity of policies for freedom of doing global business relating to space and related infrastructure, subsystems, components, services and consulting globally for other space entities. Ability to scale is the key parameter.

Leverage current and projected 15-20 years growth of India assuming even adverse situations such as border and economic challenges and local conflicts.

Make alliances that are more stable like Artemis that align open democratic accords likely to have pool fundings and shared costs. Contribute and use shared facilities to establish reliable partnerships sincerely as shown in past for military and space cooperation with Russia.

Use commercial opportunities with better focus, by increasing LV production, safety and reliability of contracted launches. Fabrication of satellites, components and launch, software and control, communications, and services globally, increasing the historic Antrix Corporation share enhanced by IN-SPACe and other space industries including new small and large ones for export enhancements.

Create strategic pricing and reliability to offer to NASA and SpaceX, ULA and others, use Artemis Accord to offer services, partnerships and joint / collaborative missions and services to make space more affordable and increase revenue share of India on agreed terms. Also include ESA and international customers.

Increasing presence of space assets in NEO and GEO has been a force multiplier for economic benefits, security enhancements and expansion of use of space-based systems and services for many aspects. Situational Awareness and use of AI play crucial part in operational and science objectives of space utilisation. Space Governance is at best in nascent stage and appears mostly chaotic, and India’s leadership has to be established in UN Outer Space Policies.

Today there are more than 8 to 12 K satellites and related objects orbiting the earth and beyond. SpaceX alone has put more than 5k satellites in orbit, has permission to launch up to total 12k satellites today and has asked for permission to launch 30K more satellites.

How does India increase its meagre share of global satellite launch market? To date, only 400-500 international satellites have been launched from, and by India and only 150 of its own in the last 50+ years of its space program! Indian entrepreneurs and student satellites helped by IN-SPACe cannot bring India to a global player status with this low progress strategy.

Combination of SpaceX type strategy would help because every launch was quick, satellites were part of LV strategy, applications emerged and revenues increased, success was faster than fat corporations’ such as LM, Boeing, etc., with their delays, cost overruns, low numbers did not prove reliability. Concatenating one-with-other sequence or in parallel such as reusability, and repeatability of mass production of satellites and LVs gave SpaceX the financial success and orders started flowing from NASA. SpaceX saved NASA image by being the only backup after Space Shuttle and Russian dependence was eliminated, but Russian collaboration saved the ISS. Similar synergy is emerging from Starship, and it will become a workhorse like Falcon with eventual high reliability.

From experience of growth of China and SpaceX, the strategies of Indian space program’s new spirit can be strategised so as to capture global share by offering competitive costs, services, and operations as preferred vendor, partner and collaborator.

Envision clusters of synergy such as Silicon Valley, not traditional incubation models that are not scaling. IN-SPACe is a good attempt, but MOUs and assistance are only promoters; we need collaborations and international team-building. India needs to break free. While this is happening, India must merge its goals of space capability with leveraging the internal strengths for globally mutual benefits.

Repeating again, select a strategy that gives India the edge in services, producing products, dependability with low risks, with upgrades and new technologies. Simulations, AI, VR tools can prequalify, smart materials and self-healing systems can make success robust. Build up on cross domain fusion of technologies. Smart defect free production, especially partnering in weak performance areas such as VLSI and Quantum computing.

Jumpstart with events such as Chandrayaan-3. Find innovative ways to utilise fantastic youth energy gainfully and peacefully with space interests. Continue smart use of limitations such as unique orbits for Chandrayaan and Aditya L1 and smaller LV but smart results as was the use of propulsion module for earth orbit return. One glaring gap has been science and interest in science needing government support and boost not just in more universities and IITs but in terms of India originated journal articles and publications (see those originating from EU and China). Quality and numbers to become significant, even though enhanced by Indians scientists abroad or visiting in global institutions. It is fair to say that occasionally small unknown institutions produce good papers but knowledge discovery leadership for the country is not yet globally established in new papers from India’s geography root. Science policy must allow rise to Nobel and other equivalent recognitions beyond Padma Awards which are often self-praise and by clans. Ask the Question! Would Sarabhai or Bhabha have liked this snail pace? Yet the last decade of progress is made in spite of past 50 years of cocoons of closed leaderships, like family or regional clans. There is difference between community excellence skills and nepotism, yet societies succeed! Hopefully current leadership will break wrong trends.

Compare with China quantum jump in 20 years on multiple fronts even though it is said that Huns clan rules mostly!

Lunar and Solar Aditya experiments have proven that India can build reliable science experiments and instruments. Use cultural and historic learning traditions and fusion into modern science. Leverage these for commerce and export.

Reduce dependency on earth for expensive chemical launches but promote SpaceX like reusability, not 20-50 years after it is proven elsewhere, but keep teams engaged to risk evaluation based early adaptation of innovation or better yet, become the leaders of innovation!

Biggest gain can be achieved by encouraging and nurturing the young minds excited by successes such as Chandrayaan-3 and hopefully Aditya L1, to open awareness of space benefits to India and globe and how this large potential of human power can transform global space scenario by becoming leaders and entrepreneurs with a global share of making the change possible, for example in satellites recovery after end of life, debris removal, launching others payload, etc. This will gainfully employ promising youth.

A lot is happening, but vision to achieve global participating leadership is to execute future robotic manufacture, return from space manufacture, establish space observatories, and space hardware, subsystems excellence, and more! Market, if free, will determine the selection of those who meet the demand fairly. Success will also be measured by happy science, engineering and industry entrepreneurs, satisfaction of course is taught and rooted in Indian culture.

Shivaste Santu Panthanah, Safalaste Santu Manorathah – for Indian Space Leaders of future, may your paths be noble and may you achieve your dreams!

Author Brief Bio: Dr. Ravi Sharma, Ph.D. USA, is a Former Scientific Secretary iSRO HQ, NASA Apollo Achievement Awardee, Ontolog Board of Trustees, Particle and Space Physics, Senior Enterprise Architect and SAE Fuel Cell Standards Member.

References:

https://www.space.com/india-moon-landing-not-a-failure.html

India’s Space Programme: An Interview with Dr G Satheesh Reddy, President of the Aeronautical Society of India

Brief Bios:

Dr. G. Satheesh Reddy is President, The Aeronautical Society of India, Former Secretary DD R&D, Chairman DRDO and Scientific Advisor to Raksha Mantri, Government of India.

Rami Niranjan Desai is a Distinguished Fellow at India Foundation.

Energy Policies for India

Provision of reliable quality round the clock affordable power supply to all is a core energy policy objective. This is an essential prerequisite for all economic activity of the industrial era. For households, it is a minimum need. The provision of clean cooking energy to all households transforms the quality of life of women. It is the objective of the Ujjwala program and is a key SDG (Sustainable Development Goal). Being Atma Nirbhar and increasing energy security is a strategic requirement. The transition away from fossil fuels and reaching net zero is imperative to save mankind, including ourselves, from the impending disaster of global warming. The simultaneous pursuit of these objectives in a coordinated, harmonious and mutually consistent manner have to propel energy policies which need to evolve, adjust and adapt based on experience and the needs of changing circumstances.

The provision of clean cooking energy makes such a remarkable difference to the quality of the lives of women. The time spent in collecting firewood or preparing cow dung cakes, which were the biomass energy sources for cooking of the preindustrial era is large, a few hours at least. The smoke is neither good for the lungs nor for the eyes. One could perhaps attribute gender bias to the provision of clean cooking energy not getting much higher priority earlier. Not that efforts were not made; for decades attempts were made to design and make smokeless cook stoves using biomass. Success was claimed and demonstrated. But switchover from the traditional modes of using biomass on a significant scale did not happen. Over 85% of households continued to use traditional biomass.

The decisive transformation began with the commencement of the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) in 2016. Under this program a free gas cooking stove and cooking cylinder along with the gas (LPG) connection are being given to women of Below Poverty Line (BPL) rural households. This is being provided by the central government. This funding has made the achievement of the success of the program possible. The OMCs (Oil Marketing Companies) have done a tremendous job in extending their supply network into rural India at such extraordinary speed. The program is being implemented in phases with the present sanction going up to 2025-26. As of 25^th December 2023, 9.998,939 households had got connections under the program. The objective is to cover all households. India is well poised to achieve this SDG goal well before 2030.

Along with achieving full access the objective is the complete switchover to clean cooking and giving up using biomass. The LPG cylinder refill is now being subsidised by Rs 200. For the really low-income households, finding money for a refill remains a challenge. In the recent state elections, promises of providing cylinders at Rs 500 upped to Rs 400 were made. At the political grassroot level such a promise seemed worthwhile. This issue will not easily go away. Sooner rather than later a way forward for providing cheaper refills would be worth considering. Two options suggest themselves. One would be to go back to the old ways and get the OMCs to cross subsidise; provide cheap refills and recover the cost from all their other consumers. An alternative more direct way would be to impose a cess on the sale of oil, petrol and diesel, and gas to raise the resources to provide explicit direct subsidies to the OMCs.

Going forward and thinking of the medium to long term objective of getting to net zero, LPG would need to be replaced by biogas, a renewable source of energy, or by electricity which in turn would be becoming green and carbon free. Seen from this perspective, LPG becomes an interim mediate solution. The transition to electricity is easier to promote. State governments have started giving higher quantities of free electricity to households in fulfilment of the election promises of the parties in power ranging from 100 to 300 units per month. It turns out that in 100 units basic cooking of simple meals can be done. The simpler challenge is to promote the sales of induction stoves to get ordinary households to discover that with the newer variants developed in India in recent years Indian food can be cooked on electricity conveniently. There is good case for doing bulk procurement to get prices to fall as was made to happen with LEDs and distribute them at a subsidised rate through the electricity Distribution Companies with the cost being recovered in instalments. Giving it practically free also makes sense. The subsidy on LPG needed from the central government would decline, the subsidy for free electricity comes from the state government. Further, the per unit cost of energy in electricity terms is lower than the per unit energy cost in LPG. Taking an overall macro view the subsidy needed for electricity is lower than for LPG.

Biogas is emerging as an option that is worth pursuing now. Cow dung which was being used for cooking is now available. Compulsions of electoral politics led to promises of buying cow dung at Rs 2 per kg. Cow dung is a renewable source of energy. It can be converted at a far lower cost in a decentralised manner at the village level into useful commercial energy. Cooking biogas was attempted in a big way in the 1980s. It failed as pilot projects were not done to bring the technology to a level where biogas for cooking could be supplied to households round the clock at full pressure to take care of all cooking needs. The maintenance back up for repair services was not put in place. Then no business model for sustainable operation was put in place. Even if the capital investment is a grant, the operation and maintenance has to be financially sustainable. The operator in the village has to be thought of as a franchisee who should earn enough to have the right incentive to grow the business. It would be good to take up small pilot projects in different regions and evolve the viable technological processing and delivery system and in parallel the business model, and then see how much subsidy is needed and how best to provide it so that the transaction costs and subsidy delivery points are the least.

Reliable quality round the clock and affordable electricity supply to all is the goal which India is achieving much earlier than expected. In the year 2000, India had more than 400 million people without access to electricity, the largest number in the world and more than sub–Saharan Africa. According to the IEA (International Energy Agency) India was likely to achieve full access in the 2040-50 decade. India has surprised itself and the world by providing full access before 2020. The IEA acknowledged that the achievement of providing access to over 500 million people in a decade was the best in the history of electrification in the world.

Electrification had been the responsibility of the states. A huge gap emerged by the 1980s. Some states had completed village electrification and were proceeding well with electrifying households. On the other hand, in the weaker states extension of rural electrification came to a near standstill. Parliament was informed in reply to a question in 2001 that Bihar was expected to take over 700 years to complete village electrification. There were 125,000 unelectrified villages, primarily in the states which were being left behind in development; UP, Bihar, West Bengal, MP, Assam and Orissa. The central government recognised the need for doing something, sanctioned an interest subsidy scheme which did not even take off, and then after much deliberation came up with a National Mission which went on to transform India. The central government took the big decision to finance the program fully with a 90% grant and a10% loan. The real innovation which made for success was to bypass the state government and provide funds directly through the Rural Electrification Corporation for specific projects for completing village electrification in a compact area and implemented through a turnkey contract. For a weak state like Bihar the services of the public sector undertakings (PSUs) were used to enable the execution of a very large programme with many projects. Bihar alone had 40,000 unelectrified villages. Once village electrification was complete, the complete electrification of all households under the Saubhagya Program was taken and completed by 2019.

In parallel, the landmark legislation of the Electricity Act,2003, which delicensed investment in power generation and promoted competition led to a surge in private investment in generation. New generation capacity rose sharply and the country for the first time had adequate generating capacity. Rural areas in Bihar started getting 16-18 hours of power supply every day. The shortages being experienced were due to inadequate investment in last mile distribution to be able to carry the electricity needed for meeting full demand. Or the state distribution did not buy all the electricity they needed for meeting full demand as they did not have the money to pay for it.

The financial health of distribution companies has remained an intractable problem. This is a state issue. The situation varies from state to state and across time. In the states, this is so important politically that Chief Ministers have to take decisions. The Electricity Act had solved this problem by giving the independent State Electricity Commissions (SERCs) the responsibility of fixing tariffs which would give revenues for the commercial viability of the distribution business. Separately, it empowers the state governments to provide for subsidised power supply to any class of consumers by paying the money to the distribution companies for subsidised supply. As a result, the state governments are giving money for the free or nearly free supply of electricity to farmers. About 80, 000 crores are being given annually. This is support for agriculture. More recently, some states are providing 100 to 300 units free to households as a welfare measure, treating this level of consumption as a minimum need. Here again they are required to pay for subsidised power supply to the power distribution companies. But as the finances of the states are constrained and political parties do not have internal robust processes of debating the costs and benefits from different welfare measures and affordability in terms of state finances to take prudent sustainable decisions, adverse consequences result.

The SERCs get politically constrained and do not give the tariff increases that are required. In Delhi there is the strange situation of Regulatory Assets of over Rs 20,000 crore existing in the books. These are dues to be paid for by consumers in the future through tariff increases. In many states loans are taken to pay for current power purchases leading to an unsustainable pile up of debt. With inadequate cash, investments in upgrading the last mile network to meet increasing demand gets neglected and parts of India get more power cuts when demand rises at the height of summer when the air conditioning load peaks. Then in some states the governance culture is of entrenched large scale rent seeking. Privatisation is the solution in these states, either explicitly as in Delhi which is the best route or in a disguised form through franchisees which many states are attempting. It is for each state to choose. The positive development is that the central government is affecting the long overdue closure of soft options. These were supply of electricity by generating companies without full timely payments, provision of essentially working capital loans to meet revenue shortfalls without enforcing any conditions of tariff increases required to repay debt. If these hard constraints are sustained the states would have no option but to act. The actions would be overdue tariff increases in efficient states and privatisation in states where governance is the real problem.

Going forward, we have to make the energy transition to becoming net zero. Prime Minister Modi has consistently displayed ambition and leadership, whether in making the Paris Agreement possible, or in taking the world by surprise by announcing at COP26 in Glasgow in 2021 that India would have 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030, probably the largest increase in 2030 target by any country after Paris. By then India was well on the way to achieving far more than its Paris commitments which in turn were higher than what the policy establishment had then considered as being feasible. In Glasgow, the Prime Minister also announced that India would become net zero by 2070 giving a reasonable ten-year additional time from China’s declaration of 2060 as the year they would become net zero.

The remarkable feature of India’s ongoing successful energy transition is that it is taking place with competitive private investment. This is the result of smart pragmatic policies crafted to suit Indian realities. The key is the repeated invitation of bids for the supply of solar, and wind power by SECI (Solar Energy Corporation of India) with the selected bidders entering into long term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) of 25 years. The price and off-take certainty from the state distribution companies for the duration of the long-term contract with the implicit guarantee of the state behind the process provided extraordinary risk mitigation. Successful bidders have been able to raise money from domestic and international markets at highly competitive rates. Competitive pressures from repeated bids where a number of developers had emerged has led to efficiency gains. India is now among those having the lowest costs for solar power. Scaling up of the quantities being bid out is taking India steadily towards the 500GW mark by 2030.

The share of renewables in electricity has reached 10%. It is rising rapidly. This poses new issues. As the sun does not shine and generate electricity at night, how is demand to be met at night. In the short run this can be done by thermal power but for greater decarbonisation of electricity, storage of renewable energy becomes essential. Fortunately, there are mature technologies for storage. Pump storage hydro projects (PSPs) on rivers where there are hydropower projects can be developed. Off river pump storage projects can be developed wherever the natural topography permits the creation of two reservoirs at two different heights. Electricity is used in these projects to pump the water up to the reservoir at the greater height. When needed the water is allowed to fall to run a turbine and generate hydro power. If only green carbon free electricity is used to pump the water, we get carbon free electricity at night from these projects. The Ministry of Power has issued user friendly guidelines for PSPs and there is rising interest in developers and state governments. In addition to PSPs there is the technology of Concentrated Solar Thermal Projects (CSPs) with storage. In this, the sun’s ray are reflected from large mirrors to a single point, stored in molten salt and the stored heat is used to run a conventional thermal turbine when needed at night to generate electricity. Battery storage is needed for EVs (Electric Vehicles). For large scale grid level storage batteries are still being evolved and are at present the most expensive option. The CEA (Central Electricity Authority) has estimated the need for 72GW of storage by 2032.

In a recent SECI contract under execution the price of renewable and storage for supply during the day and at night is lower than from a new thermal plant. Hence, on purely commercial and price considerations, India need not build any new thermal plants. As the pace of execution of storage projects gathers momentum, there would be confidence that reliable round the clock power supply for increasing demand can be ensured only with renewables and storage. After all additional demand is met by renewables and storage, a view would need to be taken about winding down the existing thermal capacity in the next decade in a just transition. The costs of winding can be comfortably met by well planned decisions of extracting the gains from the appreciation of land values in the thermal generation value chain of coal mines and thermal plants. So, one can visualise the path to fully carbon free green electricity which is not only the least cost way of meeting additional demand but also where the cost of a just transition of closing down all thermal capacity may not only finance itself but could even generate some surplus.

The recent rapid success of the EVs in increasing market share raises the expectation that India may be moving along with the rest of the world away from the internal combustion vehicle. In Europe, the sale of fossil fuel vehicles is scheduled to end by 2035. As all surface transport, 2, 3 and 4 wheelers including buses and trucks, becomes electric and all electricity in parallel becomes carbon free, India would be reducing about 555 of its total emissions. India is already moving in this direction.

The challenge of getting to net zero lies in industrial processes in products like steel and fertiliser, and in sipping and civil aviation where electricity cannot replace fossil fuels. Green hydrogen is seen as the solution for most hard to abate sectors. India has launched its own Green Hydrogen Mission and aims to be at the global frontiers in terms of cost of producing green hydrogen and its downstream uses. The Mission is being well funded and is covering the full value chain of the manufacture of electrolysers, production of green hydrogen, its storage and transport and downstream uses for the production of green steel, green ammonia for further use in producing green fertiliser and shipping. The challenge would lie in developing competitive industry structures, nudge movement down the cost curve and achieve globally competitive industrial capacities in the entire value chain of downstream uses with the minimum outgo of scarce budgetary resources. Once downstream projects go into production and cost discovery takes place for each segment it would then be possible to take rational decisions of which sectors to be given higher priority for scaling up depending on the cost disadvantage and carbon footprint. India could then choose the pace at which it would begin to decarbonise its hard to abate sectors and move to net zero.

India is gaining competitive advantage with its rapid energy transition. The transition is gathering momentum. The reduction of 55% of all emissions by having a carbon free electricity system and only EVs on the road is feasible and the process is already under way. For the rest, the picture would start getting clearer by the end of this decade as the first pilot projects of the Hydrogen Mission in the hard to abate sectors get completed. India could even find itself in a position to move to net zero much earlier.

Author Brief Bio: Mr. Ajay Shankar is a Distinguished Fellow, Director-General’s Office, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). He has had rich and varied experience in public service for over forty-five years, primarily in the fields of industry, the power sector and urban development. He was a member of the premier Indian Administrative Service which he joined in 1973 and retired as Secretary, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion in the Government of India in December, 2009. He is the President of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation for MSME Clusters (FMC). He is a member of the Board of Management of JK Lakshmipat University where he is also the Chairman of their Center for Policy Studies. He has a Masters in Political Science from Allahabad University and a Masters in Economics from Georgetown University, Washington D.C..

India’s Ancient Scientific Knowledge

India has a rich intellectual heritage that spans millennia. It is as old as the Ṛgvedic Period (3300-1900 BCE), during which Indian civilisation laid the foundation for advancements in diverse scientific domains. The Vedas, Itihāsas, Brāhmaṇas, Āraṇyakas, Upanishads, and Purāṇas, not only delved into philosophical and spiritual realms but also contained profound insights into mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and more.

It will require an entire book to elaborate on all the mathematics, science and technology born in India. Nevertheless this article points to some of the most important achievements in the field of mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and metallurgy in which the ancient Indian scholars, often known as sages or poets, excelled.

In the field of mathematics, the decimal system was the most significant which impacted the entire world. This discovery involves decimal place value system, the use of zero as a number and the notation of zero while writing numbers. Brahmagupta (598-668 CE) elaborated on the rules of arithmetic using zero. The concept of zero as a numeral and as a placeholder in positional notation was a groundbreaking idea. Indian mathematicians, such as Aryabhata (476-550 CE), played a crucial role in defining the properties of zero. The Brahmi numerals are today known as Hindu-Arabic numeral system^[1].

Ancient Indian mathematicians made advancements in algebra^[2] and trigonometry. Aryabhata’s work named Āryabhatiya contained solutions to quadratic equations. He introduced trigonometric functions in the context of astronomy. Trigonometry was used to construct fire altars in various shapes like bird (Garuda) shape, as described in texts like Yajurveda. Baudhāyana (800-740 BCE), provided an approximation for the value of pi in the form of the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle. The Baudhāyana Śulba Sūtra states the famous rule:-

दीर्घचतुरस्रस्याक्ष्णया रज्जुः पार्श्वमानी तिर्यग् मानी च यत् पृथग् भूते कुरूतस्तदुभयं करोति ॥

The diagonal of an oblong produces by itself both the areas which the two sides of the oblong produce separately. This rule is known today as the Pythagorean Theorem. Baudhāyana discovered it much earlier than Pythagoras.

Śulba Sūtras contains rules for constructing various Vedic fire-altars in various geometric shapes. This demonstrates a profound understanding of geometry. Mādhava of Saṃgama Grāma (1340-1425 CE) and the Kerala School mathematicians discovered the infinite series expansions for trigonometric functions. They are the foundation of calculus. The Jesuit missionaries learned this mathematics from Kerala scholars and propagated in Europe. Isaac Newton (1642-1726) learned it from them.

There are references in the Vedic literature about Vaidyuti (electricity). It is often understood as a force with the potential for shock or spark, which can also create light. The manipulation of metals, including the creation of alloys, indirectly contribute to the understanding of electrical conductivity. Many texts like Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata make mention of ‘Yantras’ which is understood as complex machines, often employed in warfare. Yantras are often attached to the walls of fortresses. They can strike multiple number of enemies. Śataghni is a Yantra which can kill hundred enemies at a time. Other Yantras like Ṭāṭṭālaka (turret), Kaca Grahaṇi (hair-grasper), Uṣṭrika (camel shaped catapults), Huḍa Śṛṅgika, Huḍāguḍa and Yantrajāla too are frequently mentioned in the Itihāsas. Most of these are mentioned in Vana Parva of Mahābhārata in the battle of Kṛṣṇa with the king of Śālva.

Vimānas of various complexity are mentioned in the Itihāsas. Often, they are described as flying vehicles, though a Vimāna could also mean the tall tower of a building. The poet of Mahābhārata reports the arrival of a Vimāna to take Arjuna from Himālaya as follows (MBH 3.43.3-6):- “Removing the darkness from the sky and splitting the clouds, it made a thundercloud like sound. It had Asi (swords), Śakti (spears), fearsome Bhīma Gada (huge clubs) and Prāsa (lances) with divine power. It had Vidyuta (lightning) flashes. It had Huḍāguḍa with Cakra (wheel). It had Vāyu Sphoṭa – implements that created bursts of winds. It produced sounds of Barhi (peacocks) and clouds. It had terrible and huge Nāgas with glowing mouths, tall as white clouds and hard as rocks.”

Here, the swords, spears clubs and lances could be objects like antennas and globular structures. Huḍāguḍa with Cakra and Vāyu Sphoṭa could be its main engine with air compression chambers and thrusters, that eject gas for maintaining thrust. High pitched sounds (peacock sound) and low-pitched heavy sounds (sounds of clouds: – thunder cloud or cloud-burst) could be various sounds of the engine. What is described as Nāgas could be external coils and wires of the vehicle.

The binary system is evident in the ancient Indian text Chandah Śastra of Piṅgala (3^rd or 2^nd century BCE), a treatise on prosody, which used binary representations for the poetic meters. Binary system is the foundation of today’s computers and electronics. Neither electronics nor computer science were possible without the Indian discovery of zero and the decimal system. In linguistics, the study of languages, the ancient Indians did pioneering work with texts like Nirukta (etymology) and Vyākaraṇa (grammar). This study is what led to the creation of etymology and grammar to all languages of the world. The development of computer programming languages is indebted to these fields of knowledge developed by ancient Bhāratīyas.

The Bhagavat Yāna episode in Udyoga Parva of Mahābhārata describes the Viśvarūpa of Kṛṣṇa. The poet mentions Kṛṣṇa showing the 30 (Tridaśa) Devatas including Brahma, Rudra, Lokapālas, Ādityas, Sādhyas, Vasus, Aśvins, Indra, Maruts and others as thumb-sized holograms (MBH 5.129.4). They were radiant as fire! This description resembles the digital hologram technology used in today’s Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, broadly described as Extended Reality. Similar descriptions are seen in Bhīṣma Parva, as part of Bhagavad Gita where Kṛṣṇa showed Viśvarūpa to Arjuna.

The contributions in astronomy were equally remarkable. Āryabhata proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system in Āryabhatiya. He suggested that the earth rotates on its axis and provided calculations for the positions of the planets in a heliocentric framework. Ancient Indian astronomers developed precise methods for calculating the positions of celestial bodies. The Siddhāntas, astronomical treatises, provided mathematical models for planetary motion, eclipses, and the positions of stars. The Indian calendar system, known as the Pañchāṅga, was developed to accurately measure time, celestial events, and festivals. Pañca Siddhāntika of Varāhamihira (505-587 BCE) discussed various methods for calculating calendar dates based on planetary positions.

Ancient Indian astronomers used ecliptic coordinates, a system for locating celestial objects along the ecliptic plane. The Surya Siddhanta^[3] described the measurement of celestial longitude and latitude. the division of the celestial sphere into lunar mansions, or Nakshatras, played a significant role in Indian astronomy. These divisions were used for timekeeping, especially in the context of lunar and solar calendars. Ancient Indian astronomers were skilled observers. They documented celestial events such as eclipses, comets, and the positions of planets, contributing to a growing body of astronomical knowledge. Such observations, recorded in the texts like Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa, Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata aid in dating the events mentioned in these texts or dating the text itself, after normalising it with other disciplines like archaeology.

Indian astronomy had a profound impact on Islamic astronomy during the medieval period. Scholars like Al-Biruni studied Indian texts and incorporated Indian astronomical methods into Islamic traditions. Through them, Indian astronomy also influenced the European astronomy.

Indians made profound contributions to what we today call physics. The Vaiśeṣika Sūtra dated to between 6^th to 2^nd century BCE is a work of Kaṇāda. It had some early insights into the Newtonian laws of motion. However, it was not formalised into a formal theorem with mathematical formulas like Newton has done. Bhaskara II (1114-1185 CE) proposed the idea of gravity, recognising that objects are attracted towards the Earth due to a force. It was an early insight to the gravitational laws, few centuries before Newton.

Surya Siddhantha included discussions on optics and the nature of light. It explained the phenomenon of refraction and correctly described the apparent motion of the sun caused by the Earth’s axial tilt. The Nātya Shastra, an ancient Indian treatise on performing arts attributed to Bharata Muni, contained insights into acoustics. It discussed the principles of sound, including the classification of musical instruments based on their sound-producing mechanisms. Brahmagupta made contributions to fluid dynamics by discussing the nature of liquids and the formation of waves. His work included insights into the behaviour of fluids in motion. The concept of atoms (Aṇu) is found in early Indian philosophical texts like the Vaiśeṣika Sūtras. These texts proposed the idea of indivisible particles as fundamental building blocks of matter. It served as the philosophical basis for the atomic theory, which later developed into formal theorems in Europe, backed with mathematical formulation.

Later, this Classical Physics transitioned into Quantum Physics. The philosophical foundation for Quantum Physics is seen in Vedanta. The philosophy of Vedanta, quite similar to Quantum Physics, posits that the observer influences what is observed. In other words, the mind with its act of observation collapses the abstract probabilistic quantum superpositions and creates the concrete reality. Correspondingly, the Advaita Vedanta insists that it is our mind that creates our reality – viz, this observable universe. Similar to Advaita Vedanta, Quantum Physics is nearing the conclusion of universal Oneness of the multiplicity apparently observed by the observer.

Indian contribution to chemistry is numerous, especially in metallurgy. The Copper Age in India started by 4000 BCE, Bronze Age by 3300 BCE, Iron Age in 2000 BCE. Ancient Indian artisans were skilled metallurgists, and their expertise is evident in the extraction and processing of metals. The iron pillar in Delhi, dating back to the Gupta period (4th-5th centuries CE), is a remarkable example of advanced metallurgical knowledge, showcasing corrosion resistance and a mastery of ironworking techniques. The ancient Indian tradition of chemistry was known as Rasa Śastra. It involved the systematic study of minerals and metals for medicinal and transmutational purposes. Texts such as the Rasa Ratnākara and Rasa Kāmadhenu provided detailed instructions on the preparation of various chemical compounds, including alloys, acids, and medicines. The Arabs translated these as alchemy texts.

Ancient Indian metallurgists were skilled in creating metal alloys. Artha Śastra, mentions methods for alloying metals and describes techniques for testing the purity of metals. This knowledge was crucial for ensuring the quality of metal products. The development of alloys, such as bronze (copper and tin) and brass (copper and zinc), played a crucial role in various industries, including sculpture, coinage, and tool manufacturing. Copper was widely used in ancient India for making tools, utensils, and decorative items. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was employed to create durable and corrosion-resistant artefacts.

Gold and silver were extensively used in ancient Indian art and jewellery. Skilled artisans crafted intricate ornaments and artefacts using techniques like repoussé, filigree, and granulation. Metal was used in architectural elements such as pillars and gates. The exquisite detailing on metalwork in temples and palaces reflects the craftsmanship of ancient Indian metallurgists.

Ancient Indian metallurgists were proficient in various casting techniques. The lost-wax casting method was commonly used for creating intricate metal sculptures, particularly during the period of the Chola dynasty (9th-13th centuries CE). India has a long history of metal coinage, with various dynasties issuing coins made of copper, silver, and gold. These coins were often adorned with symbols and inscriptions, showcasing the metallurgical skill of the time.

Ancient Indian texts describe various methods of salt production, highlighting a practical understanding of chemical processes. The Artha Śastra, of Chanakya (4th century BCE), detailed techniques for extracting salt from saline water and soil. The ancient Indians were skilled in glass making, and the use of glass vessels is mentioned in various texts. Additionally, dyeing techniques for textiles involved chemical processes, and the knowledge of plant-based dyes and mordants was well-established. Ancient agricultural practices involved the use of various chemical processes. Artha Śastra provided guidance on soil fertility, irrigation, and the use of organic and inorganic substances for enhancing agricultural productivity.

Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, incorporated principles of chemistry in the preparation of medicines. Charaka and Sushruta, ancient medical scholars, documented the properties of various substances, including minerals and plant extracts, and their therapeutic uses. The Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia included processes like distillation and sublimation. The ancient Indian system of taxonomy, as found in texts like the Jīvaka Chintāmaṇī, categorised living organisms into various classes based on their characteristics. This classification system included divisions such as plants, animals, and microorganisms.

Ancient Indians had a comprehensive understanding of plants and their medicinal properties. The Ṛgveda contains references to various plants used for medicinal purposes, and later texts like the Nighantu explored plant classifications and their therapeutic applications. The Panchatantra and other ancient texts included study of animals (zoology)—observations of animal behaviour and characteristics. Artha Śastra discussed wildlife management, wildlife resources and conservation. The Sushruta Samhit” contains insights into embryology, describing the development of the foetus in the womb. It includes discussions on various stages of foetal growth and the formation of organs. Artha Śastra deals with the study of insects (entomology). It provided information on insects and their impact on agriculture. The text suggests measures for pest control and emphasises the importance of understanding insect behaviour.

Suśruta, was an ancient Indian physician and surgeon. His Suśruta Samhita (6^th century BCE) was a comprehensive treatise on medicine and surgery. It is one of the earliest known works on surgery. It covers a wide range of topics, including anatomy, surgical instruments, and various surgical procedures. The Suśruta Samhita contains detailed descriptions of various plastic surgery procedures, including reconstruction of the nose (rhinoplasty) and repair of torn earlobes. Suśruta’s techniques for skin grafting and reconstructive surgery were remarkably advanced for the time. The Suśruta Samhita describes surgical procedures for cataract removal. Ancient Indian surgeons used a curved needle to push the opaque lens aside and allow light to enter the eye, a technique known as couching. Suśruta emphasised the importance of understanding human anatomy for successful surgical interventions. The text provides details on the dissection of cadavers to study anatomy, showcasing a profound commitment to empirical observation.

Ancient Indian surgeons were skilled in setting fractured bones and treating dislocations. The Suśruta Samhita outlines various methods for bone-setting, including the use of splints and braces. The Suśruta Samhita mentions the use of wine and other substances to induce a state of anaesthesia during surgery. While the methods might not align with modern anaesthesia practices, the recognition of the need for pain management during surgical procedures is noteworthy. The ancient Indian surgeons used a variety of surgical instruments, many of which are described in detail in the Suśruta Samhita. These instruments included scalpels, forceps, needles, and specialised tools for specific surgical procedures. The importance of cleanliness and hygiene in surgical practices is emphasised in the Suśruta Samhita. Ancient Indian surgeons recognised the significance of maintaining a sterile environment to prevent infections. The use of herbs, Yoga, and meditation for healing purposes reflects the integration of physical and mental well-being in ancient Indian medical practices.

India’s maritime knowledge is evident in Artha Śastra. It provided guidelines for shipbuilding, navigation, and trade. The existence of maritime trade routes between India and other civilisations underscores the proficiency of ancient Indian sailors and navigators. The term Navi and navigation has its origin in the Sanskrit term Nāvam (meaning boat or ship). Indians were foremost ship builders. Indian ships travelled in Indian Ocean and reached the shores of Africa and South East Asia. Ancient Indians had trade relationships with Greece, Rome and China both through land and sea.

The concept of environmental conservation, as seen in the reverence for nature in various scriptures, reflects a deep ecological understanding. Practices such as water harvesting, afforestation, and sustainable agriculture were embedded in ancient Indian societal norms. Ancient Indian were excellent city builders and town planners. Water management with excellent sanitation and drainage system with flush toilets, concealed or underground water pipelines, public baths, interior bathrooms, water canals, well paved rectangular roads, four-squares and buildings are evident in the Harappan city planning. The Harappan Civilisation is named as such since the first settlement of this civilisation was found in Harappa. Its geographical span is now understood as Western UP in the east, Eastern Afghanistan in the west, Jammu and Kashmir in the north and Northern Maharashtra in the south. This vast region of North West India was watered by the rivers – Sarasvati, Sindhu and Narmada. Hence, it is to be more aptly renamed as Sarasvati Sindhu Narmada Civilisation (SSNC).

A need exists now, to record and reclaim India’s ancient scientific knowledge. We have been taught that everything that is science emerged from the Western world. This is simply not true. Hence, India’s scientific achievements from ancient times need to be made part of the curriculum and syllabus of the schools and colleges. Some Western universities now acknowledge that the theorems like Pythagoras Theorem was discovered by Indian scholars. Yet, these simple truths are not properly taught to Indian students. This situation needs to change. Indians need to proactively read their ancient texts and understand the scientific information contained therein, through primary sources. This will help them to think and develop modern applications of our ancient knowledge, or at the minimum, it will inspire them to be pioneers in scientific discoveries and technological innovations.

Dharma Digital is a platform initiative of this author, which focuses on blending Generative AI with Digital Hologram Technology of Extended Reality. Through this platform, more than hundred interactive 3D digital holograms of Devatas like Indra, Viṣṇu, Śiva, Brahma, Sarasvati, Pārvatī, Lakṣmī, Rāma, Sīta, Hanumat, Ganeśa, Skanda, Ayyappa, Kṛṣṇa along with Pāṇḍavas and Pāñcālī are created.

These Devata Holograms are thumb-sized, as is mentioned in the Viśvarūpa Darśana and Bhagavat Yāna episodes of Mahābhārata! They glow in their own light. They can appear in the real world and are capable of conversing with us using Generative AI. They can walk with us, smile at us or interact with us. They can be used to teach the students about concepts of Sanātana Dharma. Dharma Digital platform can also recreate ancient personalities like Aryabhata and Bhāskara who can teach the ancient scientific knowledge of India to today’s generation in an interactive and intimate way. They can work as knowledge Gurus, and guides for the young generation.

These knowledge Gurus can reside in their mobile phones or their Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality devices. They can be invoked into the real world as and when required, to guide our new generations.

Figure: Dharma Digital Holograms rendered on a table.

I also similarly note the development in creating software tools by other technology experts to help bring the ancient scientific knowledge of India to the current generation. These include Sanskrit-to-Indian-language translation and Sanskrit-to-English translation using Panini’s grammar rules. Similarly, the text-to-speech software can read and speak Sanskrit text and the speech-to text software can convert spoken Sanskrit to Sanskrit text. Such tools will help in the learning of Sanskrit through daily conversation. Pāṇini’s Sanskrit can be used as a bridge language between machine language and human language. Research in this area has seen some progress, after a recent discovery about a simplifying principle of Pāṇini’s grammar. These developments can easily bring back the ancient Indian knowledge to the current generation, and inspire them to improve them and apply them into the field of electronics, Virtual Reality (VR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Space etc.

Author Brief Bio: Jijith Nadumuri Ravi is a former space scientist with ISRO. He is the author of the book ‘Rivers of Ṛgveda’ and ‘Geography of Rāmāyaṇa’. At ISRO he contributed to the Chandrayan 1 GSO-LTO orbit design, and the GSLV launches D2, F01, and F02. He founded the website AncientVoice (ancientvoice.wikidot.com). It contains 25,376 pages on Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa, Vedas and Purāṇas, and has Bhāratavarṣa maps, analysis articles, lineage charts, analysis of 16,000 plus nouns, data illustrations and paintings. Naalanda and Takshasila are the sister sites of AncientVoice, focusing on the Upaniṣads and Greek, Avestan and Tamil literature. Jijith founded the platform Dharma Digital (dharmadigital.in) with 100 plus self-made Metaverse ready 3D digital holograms to promote Dharma using digital technologies like Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence.

References:

^[1] It was the Arabs who popularised it in Europe.

^[2] The term algebra is Arabic since the Arabs popularised it in Europe

^[3] The current version of Surya Siddhantha we get to read is dated to 4^th or 5^th Century CE

Going Beyond Misconceptions to Comprehend the Vedic Term “Bali”

Abstract:

Misconceptions surrounding the Vedic texts” endorsement of animal or human sacrifice, often attributed to the term “Bali,” are explored in this study. It is demonstrated that “Bali” holds a multitude of meanings, ranging from divine epithets to offerings and acts of selflessness. “Bali” encompasses a spectrum of interpretations, including its association with deities like Lord Vishnu, Lord Krishna, and Demon King Mahabali, as well as its connection to ancient cultures and practices. The study also examines the terms “Pashu” and “Bali.” The misinterpretation of these words is attributed to a lack of understanding, linguistic barriers, preconceived biases, and deliberate misrepresentations. To appreciate the wisdom and values inherent in Vedic traditions, it is crucial to approach their interpretation with an open, unbiased mind and respect for diverse perspectives. The Vedas, in essence, promote non-violence, reverence for all life, and universal harmony, which should be upheld in their study and practice.

Introduction

A segment of scholars, seemingly influenced by preconceived notions, assert that the Vedic texts condone rituals involving the sacrifice of animals or humans, often referring to it as “paśu” or “manav Bali.” This interpretation, however, stands on shaky ground. Much like the intricacies of the English language where a single word can take on diverse connotations, the Sanskrit term “Bali” too carries a rich tapestry of meanings and interpretations.In any language, the semantic versatility of words becomes apparent, their significance fluctuating in response to the context and usage.

Bali: A term with Multiple Meanings

Just as the English word “round” can denote a shape, a stage in an interview, a directionless motion, or perplexing dialogue, and “crane” can signify a bird, a mechanical lifting apparatus, or a tilting action, “Bali” illustrates this inherent linguistic flexibility by encapsulating a spectrum of interpretations. Let us now delve into these various facets of “Bali,”

In the Atharvaveda, “Bali” is used to signify the physical, mental, ethical, and emotional strength that originates from the Supreme, who is the ultimate source of strength.^[1] In the Vishnusahasranama, a sacred compilation featuring 1,000 names of Lord Vishnu, we encounter “Bali”^[2] as one of His appellations. This name underscores the facets of strength, power, and might that are inherently connected to Lord Vishnu.

Within the divine and spiritual realm, “Bali” serves as one of the 108 names attributed to Lord Krishna. This nomenclature transcends its worldly meaning, transforming into a profound divine epithet that encapsulates the qualities, attributes, and celestial manifestations of Lord Krishna. Each name within the list of 108 names holds a unique significance, representing a distinct facet of the deity invoked. In the case of Lord Krishna, the name “Bali” shines a spotlight on his divine strength, power, and unwavering commitment to safeguarding and upholding righteousness.^[3]

“Bali” is one of the names of Balrāma,^[4] the brother of Śrī Kṛṣna. “Bali,” when attributed to Balrama, embodies the connotation of strength and power. Renowned for his remarkable physical prowess and his pivotal role as a guardian, he is frequently portrayed brandishing both a plow (hala) and a mace (gada), which vividly symbolise his exceptional might and his unwavering dedication to defending and preserving righteousness. An additional layer of significance linked to the term “Bali” relates to the Demon King Mahabali,^[5] who earned this epithet due to his unparalleled strength and power. It was his extraordinary might that bestowed upon him the titles of “Bali” or “Mahabali.” However, his reign came to an end with his defeat at the hands of Vishnu”s Vaman Avatar.

Within the grand narrative of the Mahabharata, we encounter the character “Bali,” portrayed as the Vanar Raja, or the king of monkeys.^[6] To be more specific, he is identified as Anava, signalling his unique role and identity within the epic”s intricate storyline. Bali”s importance lies in his leadership role among the ‘vanaras’, a tribe of intelligent and robust humanoid monkeys. His presence and actions vividly underscore the vanaras valour and capabilities as formidable warriors and steadfast allies.

The Kathasaritsagara, known as the “ocean of streams of story,” features a mention of “Bali” and is a renowned Sanskrit epic tale that centres around Prince Naravahanadatta and his aspiration to ascend to the throne of the Vidyadharas, celestial beings. It is believed to be an adaptation of Gunadhya Brihatkatha, which comprises 100,000 verses, and this, in turn, is a part of a more extensive work encompassing 700,000 verses.^[7]

“Bali” is the name of a Yakshagana, Mahamayuri Vidyarajni,^[8] that is present in Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. “Bali” is also linked to the sixth Prativasudeva,^[9] an anti-heroic figure in Jain mythology. Prativasudevas are regarded as formidable beings who stand in opposition to the spiritual teachings and progress of Tirthankaras (spiritual leaders) and their disciples. The sixth Prativasudeva, known as “Bali,” is believed to possess immense strength and is portrayed as an antagonist in Jain narratives.

In tantric traditions, the name “Bali” is connected to the malevolent force governing Patala, the underworld realms. These realms are believed to be inhabited by a variety of beings, including Daityas, Nagas, and Rakshasas.^[10] `The term “Bali” can also allude to a ascetic or hermit-like figure who, through the power of rigorous spiritual practices known as Tapas, dedicates himself to the welfare of the cosmos. With unwavering mental strength, he willingly sacrifices personal interests and desires, placing the well-being of humans, animals, birds, and the entire world at the forefront. This interpretation underscores his selflessness, unwavering commitment, and the profound influence of his actions.

“Bali” also alludes to the Kingdom of Bali, a historical sequence of Hindu-Buddhist realms that governed sections of Bali Island in Indonesia. This kingdom thrived from the 10th to the 20th centuries, boasting its Balinese monarchs and a distinctive court culture. These rulers harmoniously blended indigenous beliefs, reverence for their ancestors, and Hindu customs acquired from India via Java. This cultural amalgamation profoundly shaped the vibrant and diverse Balinese traditions we are familiar with today.^[11]

“Bali” can additionally signify a mandatory tax or tribute collected from individuals and presented to the king. It symbolises a financial offering that citizens are obligated to provide to sustain the ruling authority. Typically, this tax is allocated for the upkeep, governance, and administration of the kingdom. The gathering of “Bali” plays a pivotal role in maintaining the financial stability and smooth operation of the royal establishment.^[12] It also conveys the essence of a gift or offering, representing the act of voluntary giving, often in the form of a tribute or donation, to a deity, spiritual figure, or esteemed entity. This concept of “Bali” is deeply ingrained in religious and spiritual customs, where individuals manifest their devotion, gratitude, or reverence through the presentation of such gifts. These offerings may manifest in various forms, including food, flowers, incense, or valuable items. The act of offering a “Bali” holds a sacred significance, symbolising one”s unwavering dedication, devotion, and yearning to establish a profound connection with the divine.^[13]

“Bali” extends beyond the mere act of worship and adoration, carrying a profound and transformative meaning. It encompasses the art of relinquishing one”s ego and wholeheartedly surrendering to the Supreme. This selfless surrender involves releasing attachments, overcoming addictions, shedding greed, anger, and other negative inclinations. By sacrificing these impurities, one embarks on a journey towards inner purification, aligning themselves with elevated virtues and spiritual values. The practice of “Bali” serves as a transformative path, urging individuals to transcend ego-driven desires and nurture a pure, selfless mindset. It is an invitation to release selfishness and embrace a profound connection with the divine, resulting in inner growth, spiritual ascension, and a harmonious existence.^[14]

“Bali” carries a profound significance in the context of oblations presented during Yajna (sacrificial) rituals or in Havan (ritualistic fire worship). It encompasses the act of dedicating an array of materials, including ghee (clarified butter), grains, herbs, and other sacred substances, to the sacred fire. These oblations symbolise expressions of gratitude, devotion, and surrender to the divine forces. Through the offering of “Bali” into the fire, individuals aim to forge a connection with higher realms, invoke blessings, and convey their deep reverence for the divine. The practice of “Bali” in Yajna and Havan ceremonies is believed to purify the environment, elevate spiritual energies, and foster a harmonious atmosphere conducive to spiritual growth and well-being. It stands as a sacred bridge uniting the human and divine realms, nurturing a sense of unity, gratitude, and divine communion.^[15]

“Bali” encompasses the daily ritualistic act of sacrificial offerings made as tokens of reverence and compassion to various beings. These offerings entail the provision of food, water, and essential provisions to sages, the impoverished, dogs, cows, and crows. This practice underscores the understanding that all living beings are interconnected and deserving of care and sustenance. When individuals present “Bali” to sages, it signifies their respect and the seeking of blessings from the wise and enlightened. Extending offerings to the less fortunate embodies acts of charity and compassion, providing support to those in need. The act of feeding dogs, cows, and crows is considered auspicious, honouring the sanctity of these animals. It is believed that such offerings usher in blessings, safeguard against negative influences, and generate positive karma. Through the practice of “Bali,” individuals nurture a sense of empathy, selflessness, and gratitude, acknowledging the intrinsic worth and interconnectedness of all living beings within the cosmic tapestry.^[16]

“Bali” also implies the notion of self-sacrifice, often referred to as “Balidana.” This concept involves willingly forgoing one”s personal comforts, alms, food, or time for the betterment of others. It embodies the ethos of selflessness, compassion, and service toward those in need. Through the practice of Balidana, individuals prioritise the welfare of others over their own desires and willingly make sacrifices to provide support and uplift those in less fortunate circumstances. This can encompass actions such as providing food and resources to the hungry, extending assistance and care to the underprivileged, or dedicating time and effort to charitable causes. Balidana underscores the acknowledgment of our interconnectedness as human beings and the responsibility to contribute to the well-being of the community and society at large. Through acts of self-sacrifice, individuals nurture virtues such as empathy, generosity, and altruism, fostering a sense of unity and harmony in the world.

The act of presenting “Bali” encompasses more than merely offering uncooked or unbaked food to divine entities; it extends to sharing with other beings as well. This practice underscores the significance of selflessness and the art of giving before receiving. By offering “Bali” before partaking of any sustenance, it leaves a profound mental imprint, instilling in individuals the virtue of generosity and emphasising the importance of prioritising the well-being of others. It acts as a poignant reminder to cultivate a mindset of sharing and giving in every facet of life, nurturing compassion and fostering a profound sense of interconnectedness with all living beings.^[17] The word carries the significance of a ceremonial food offering, particularly dedicated to Shiva, the protector of all beings, as prescribed in the Saivagamas. This ritual holds profound importance, involving the presentation of food to Shiva as an expression of reverence and devotion. The act of offering “Bali” to Shiva symbolises a profound spiritual connection and signifies the devotee’s complete surrender and devotion to the Divine presence of Shiva. Rooted in the Saivagamas, this sacred practice serves as a guiding principle for followers in their worship and unwavering devotion to the Divine.^[18]

In the Rasashastra, a distinguished branch of Ayurveda dedicated to the study of chemical interactions among metals, minerals, and herbs, the term “Bali” that originates from the word “Bal” serves as a technical term denoting “wrinkles.” This specialised domain of Ayurveda delves into the intricate understanding of substances and their impacts on the human body, encompassing the comprehensive examination of wrinkles and potential remedies for them.^[19]

In the domain of Gajayurveda or Hastyaayurveda, the term “Bali” is employed to denote oblations utilised in the treatment of elephants. This ancient branch of Ayurveda specifically focuses on the health and well-being of elephants, providing insights into their anatomy, diseases, and therapeutic measures. The use of oblations, including specific substances or offerings, forms an integral part of the treatment protocols designed to promote the vitality and recovery of these magnificent creatures.^[20]

“Bali” refers to one of the topics dealt with in the Matrsadbhava, one of the earliest Shakta Tantric works from Kerala.^[21] In Shaktism, “Bali” signifies the ritualistic worship of fifty-three deities in accordance with their designated compartments within a constructed Balimandapa. This sacred act involves offering Payasa, a preparation of rice boiled in milk, to these revered deities. The purpose of this worship is to honor and celebrate the divine entities who played a pivotal role in vanquishing the demon Vastu. Through this ritual, devotees express their devotion, seek divine blessings, and commemorate the triumph of good over evil in the cosmic realm.^[22]

In the context of Vastushastra, “Bali” refers to a diagram consisting of eighty-one squares and a cluster of deities that are drawn on the ground as a blueprint for the construction of a structure. This diagram serves as a guide for the positioning and alignment of various elements within the building, ensuring harmony and auspiciousness. The inclusion of deities in the diagram signifies the spiritual aspect of the construction process and emphasises the belief in divine blessings and protection for the structure and its occupants. It is considered a sacred practice to follow the principles of the “Bali” diagram in Vastushastra to create a harmonious and auspicious living or working environment.^[23]

Multiple meanings of Paśu

Let us now also have a look at the various meanings of the word Paśu. Within the philosophy of Shiva Siddhanta, the term “Pashu” is employed to denote an individual soul or sentient being, encompassing humans and other living creatures. It symbolises the finite and conditioned nature of the individual soul, which is ensnared in the cycle of birth and death and constrained by the limitations of the physical realm. In contrast, “Pati” refers to the Supreme Controller, which is Shiva, the ultimate divine reality. The objective of the individual soul is to surpass its restricted existence as a “Pashu” and achieve union with the Supreme, identified as Pati or Shiva. Through spiritual disciplines, devotion, and the realisation of one’s authentic self, the individual soul can progress toward liberation and the ultimate unity with Pati. This philosophy underscores the voyage of the soul from enslavement to liberation, from self-identification as the finite self to the recognition of its divine essence and unity with the Supreme.^[24]

In the realm of the Shilpashastra, an ancient Indian treatise on art and architecture, the term “Pashu” is employed to encompass all embodied souls, including humans. It acknowledges that every living being, irrespective of its shape or species, falls under the category of Pashus. This concept is founded on the notion that all beings are interconnected and share a common existence. It underscores the unity among all life forms and acknowledges the innate divinity within each individual. This perspective fosters veneration and regard for all living beings, advocating for an all-encompassing and comprehensive approach to life and creation.^[25]

Rishi Kashyapa is regarded as the progenitor or forefather of various beings, encompassing humans, animals, plants, and other celestial entities like Gandharvas, Devas, and Asuras. This belief symbolizes the common lineage and interdependence of all living entities, notwithstanding their varied shapes and manifestations.

In Vedic culture, the term “Pashu” is employed to encompass all beings in the world, signifying that its significance extends beyond just animals. It signifies the acknowledgment of the interconnectedness and shared existence of all life forms. “Pashu” represents the idea that all living beings, including humans, animals, and plants, are bound by the cycle of life and death and are subject to the laws of nature. Similarly, the word “Bali” holds multiple meanings and should not be confined to the interpretation of “animal sacrifice.” While the term “Bali” can be associated with offerings made in Vedic rituals, it does not imply the act of causing harm or bloodshed. Instead, these offerings symbolise acts of devotion, surrender, and selflessness. The purpose of such offerings is to establish a spiritual connection and seek blessings from the divine forces.

Why the terms Pasu and Bali are misunderstood

The misunderstanding of “Pasu” and “Bali” as animal sacrifice may have originated from a limited comprehension or cultural biases imposed on Vedic rituals. However, it is essential to acknowledge that Vedic rituals and the Vedas themselves promote veneration for all life forms and advocate for non-violence. They emphasise the principles of harmony, equilibrium, and spiritual progression. By embracing a holistic understanding of “Pasu” and “Bali” within the broader context of Vedic culture, we can recognise the profound wisdom and universal principles that underpin these age-old traditions. It is vital to approach the examination and interpretation of Vedic texts with an open perspective, honouring the diversity of interpretations and avoiding misrepresentations that could perpetuate misunderstandings regarding Vedic rituals and their genuine essence.

The reasons behind the misinterpretation of the word “Bali” could stem from various factors, including:

Insufficient comprehension of the original texts, their context, philosophy, and the method by which they should be understood, considering factors like location, time, and circumstances.
Inadequate knowledge of Sanskrit, the language in which the Vedas are written.
Approaching the Vedas with pre-existing predispositions, biases, and preconceptions.
Deliberate distortion of Vedic texts to advocate for violence, non-vegetarianism, and social divisions.
Purposeful attempts to undermine the authority of the Vedas with the goal of eradicating Vedic culture, philosophy, and historical significance.
Vedic texts often employ symbolism and allegory, which can be difficult to decipher, without a Guru.

Conclusion

This paper enumerates the intricate web of meanings interwoven into the term “Bali” as it exists within the Vedic tradition. This word encompasses a wide array of interpretations, spanning from divine appellations to symbolic offerings and selfless acts. The misunderstandings revolving around “Bali” and “Pashu” have their origins in several factors, including a limited grasp of the concepts, linguistic challenges, preexisting biases, and deliberate misrepresentations.

To gain a genuine understanding of the wisdom and values that underlie Vedic traditions, it is essential to approach their interpretation with an open, impartial mindset. The Vedas, at their core, advocate principles of non-violence, reverence for all life, and universal harmony. These foundational ideals should illuminate the path for studying and practicing Vedic traditions, with an emphasis on unity, compassion, and respect for all living beings.

Moreover, why the term “Bali” is misconstrued can be attributed to various influences, including a lack of comprehension of the original texts, language barriers, preconceived notions, deliberate distortions aimed at promoting violence or discord, and endeavours to diminish the significance of the Vedas.

Ultimately, it is crucial to acknowledge and address these influences when delving into Vedic texts, striving for a comprehensive comprehension, and embracing the profound wisdom and universal values they encapsulate. The Vedas stand as a testament to harmony, balance, and spiritual growth, emphasising reverence for all life forms and the interconnectedness of all existence. Approaching the Vedas with an open and unbiased mindset, while seeking knowledge and insight from qualified mentors and scholars who can provide accurate guidance and interpretation, is paramount. It is equally important to emphasise that the Vedas neither condone nor endorse actions that cause harm or sacrifice living beings for the sake of appeasing deities. Instead, these texts elevate animals to the status of the Supreme and advocate for their worship as manifestations of the Highest Reality. The teachings of the Vedas underscore universal compassion and discourage rituals, sacrifices, or ceremonies that inflict harm, disharmony, pain, or suffering on any living being. The essence of Vedic teachings lies in promoting harmony, respect, and veneration for all forms of life.

Author Brief Bio: Dr. Vandana Sharma ‘Diya’ is a Resident Fellow, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla; Principal Researcher, Kedarnath, Central Sanskrit University, Delhi; Former Post-doctoral Researcher, Indian Council of Social Science Research and Former-Junior Research Fellow-Indian Council of Philosophical Research.

References:

Ashtanghridayasamhita
Atharvaveda
Bhagavatapurana
Brahmandapurana
Banerjee, Jitendra Nath, The Hindu Concept of Go , America Star Books, Maryland, 2011
Goodall, Dominic, Parakhyatantram: A Scripture of the Saiva Siddhanta, Institute Fancis De Pondicherry, Pondicherry, 2004.
Garudapurana
Gobhilagrihyasutra
Harivamsha
Jha, CB, Ayurvediya Rasashastra, Chowkambha Prakashana, Varanasi, 2000.
Kant, Surya, Tantrik Diksha, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1954
Khadiragrihya
Kumarasambhava
Kempers, Bernet A.J, Monumental Bali: Introduction to Balinese Archaeology & Guide to the Monuments, Periplus Editions, Singapore, 1991.
Manusmriti
Mahabharata
Mahamayuri Vidyarajini Sutta
Matrudevobhava
Meghadoot
Muni Amar, Sachitra Tirthankar Charitra, Padma Prakashan, Delhi, 1995.
King Shudraka, Arthur William (Tr), Mrichckatikam –Samskrit Play (The Little Clay Cart), Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1905.
Rakshasbandhanmantra
Sudhakar Mangalodayam, Vastubali, CICC Book House, Kerala, 2008.
Uttarramacharitra
Vishnusahastranamavalli

References:

^[1] Atharvaveda, 2.17.3 (बलमसि बलं दाः स्वाहा ॥)

^[2] Vishnusahasranamavali, 172^nd name of Vishnu “Mahabalah”

^[3] Fifty eighth name of Lord Krishna (Om Baline Namaha)

^[4] 19^th out of 100 names of Balrama

^[5] (i) Williams George, Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, London, 2008 pp.73–74.

(ii) Rakshasbandhanmantra (येन बधो बली राजा दानवेंद्रो महाबल: I yena baddho balī rājā dānavendro mahābalaḥ)

(iii) Meghadoot, 59

^[6] Harivamsha, v.1.31; Ch.9:Mahabharata, Adiparva

^[7] Kathasaritsagara (ocean of streams of story), chapter-45.

^[8] Mahamayuri Vidyarajini Sutta, 104

^[9] Muni Amar, Sachitra Tirthankar Charitra, Padma Prakashan, Delhi, 1995, p.274.

^[10] Goodall Dominic, Parakhyatantram: A Scripture of the Saiva Siddhanta, Institut Fancis De Pondicherry, Pondicharry, v.5.44-45, p.78

^[11] Kempers Bernet A.J, Monumental Bali: Introduction to Balinese Archaeology & Guide to the Monuments, Periplus Editions, Singapore, 1991, p. 35-36.

^[12] (i) Bhagavatapurana, v.1.13,40-41;

(ii)Brahmandapurana, v.2.31, 48 ;

(iii) Manusmriti 7.8;8.37 (प्राजिघाय बलिम तथा ; prajighāya baliṃ tathā)

^[13] Uttarramacharitra, 1.5 (निवारबलीं विलोकायत: ; nīvārabaliṃ vilokayataḥ)

^[14] Kumarasambhava, 1.6 ; Meghadoot, 57 (अव-सीतानि बलिकर्मपर्यापतानि पुष्पाणि ; ava- citāni balikarmaparyāptāni puṣpāṇi)

^[15] Gobhilagrihyasutra, 3.7

^[16] (i) King Shudraka, Ryder Arthur William(Tr), Mrichckatikam –Samskrit Play (The Little Clay Cart), Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1905, v.1.9, pp.6-8, (यासां बलिः सपदिमद्गृहदेहदेहलीनां हंसैः च सारस गणैश्च विलुप्तपुरव: ; yāsāṃ baliḥ sapadimadgṛhadehalīnāṃ haṃsaiś ca sārasa gaṇaiśca viluptapūrvaḥ |)

(ii) Manusmriti, 3.67.91 (भूतायज्ञ ; bhutayajn͂a);

(iii) Gobhilagrihyasutra, Khadiragrihya 1; 5; 20.

^[17] Ashtanghridayasamhita, 2.33

^[18] Goodall Dominic, Parakhyatantram: A Scripture of the Saiva Siddhanta, Institut Fancis De Pondicherry, Pondicharry, 2004.

^[19] Jha CB, Ayurvediya Rasashastra, Chowkambha Prakashana, Varanasi, 2000.

^[20]Garudapurana, Pashu Ayurveda (The worship of Sūrya (Sun), Śiva, Durgā, Śri Viṣṇu was for protection of the elephant. bali (Oblations), offerings must be given to Bhūta (five elements) and the elephant must be bathed with caturghaṭa (four pitcherfuls) of water. The diet consecrated by reciting the proper mantras shall be given to the elephant and the elephant must be smeared with holy ashes. The sacred rites act against the influences of malignant spirits and grant immunity.)

^[21] Matrudevobhava is a Kerala Tantric ritual manual dealing with the worship of Goddess Bhadrakali (also known as Rurujit) along with sapta-matris or seven mothers. The text is believed to be the first Shakta worship text from Kerala. The text is a summary of Southern Brahmayāmala texts and it systematizes and organizes the Yamala cult of mothers in twenty-eight chapters.

^[22] Kant Surya, Tantrik Diksha, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 35, No. ¼, 1954, pp. 10-19

^[23] Sudhakar Mangalodayam, Vastubali,CICC Book House, Kerala, 2008

^[24] Banerjee Jitendra Nath, The Hindu Concept of God, America Star Books, Maryland, 2011, pp.51-59

^[25] Banerjee Jitendra Nath, The Hindu Concept of God, America Star Books, Maryland, 2011, pp.51-59

Does India need a De-Radicalisation Strategy?

In my article titled The Psychology of Radicalisation [1], I attempted to broadly cover why and how individuals and groups become radicalised. Here, I will attempt to explore the concepts of de-radicalisation and counter-radicalisation in the context of the internal dynamics of India. The word radicalised in this article will refer to individuals who meet the following criteria:

The individual must have an extremist mindset.
The individual follows, practices and/or advocates for a certain set of beliefs with an extremist mindset.
The individual finds violence to be justified in the process of following, practising or advocating for her/his beliefs.
The internal justification of violence extends to anyone or any group that doesn’t practise, follow or advocate for the same or similar beliefs as that of the radicalised individual.

Most individuals don’t become fully radicalised overnight and a lot of the groups and individuals who provide support to extremist organisations aren’t fully radicalised but meet one or more of the above criteria. In the Indian context, the discussion on de-radicalisation and counter-radicalisation is a difficult one due two major reasons:

The collectivistic nature of Indian society as well as its demographic profile is such that even radicalised individuals prefer not to engage in outwardly violent acts if there is a chance of getting caught and if the act will impact their immediate community or family in a negative manner. This is especially true in places where the community is not dominant or powerful.
To have a discussion on effective de-radicalisation and counter-radicalisation measures for India, experts first need to come to terms with the extent to which the problem of radicalisation has grown in India.

According to an article published by Pew Research Centre [2], the median age of the India population as a whole is 28. More than 40% of the Indian population is below the age of 25 years. Shafqat Munir, Head of Bangladesh Centre for Terrorism Research at the Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies (BIPSS) in a 2020 article [3], explains that younger individuals tend to lack any criminal records, they are much more active and they are easier to indoctrinate due to their age as well as lack of experience. Jacob Ware, a research associate for counterterrorism at the Council on Foreign Relations and an adjunct assistant professor at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, in his 2023 article [4] highlights how the new generations are radicalising themselves via online platforms. Constant exposure to hate, negative and outrage provoking content on social media and some key “role models” taking matters into their own hands and fighting for “justice” is enough to make most youngsters extremists. The ability to constantly get validation for a view by joining online echo chambers just adds fuel to the fire. This is especially concerning in a post pandemic age where socialising predominantly over the internet is not only normalised but also at times preferred over in person interactions. This setup provides a prime group of targets for extremist organisations to indoctrinate into their ideological framework.

Studies on youth radicalisation in India have mostly focused on Islamic or Jihadist radicalisation but the present and future reality is that with the growth of social media, extremist thought is not limited to Islamic ideologies. For instance, with the present Israel-Palestine conflict, we see a large portion of the online extremist discourse focusing solely on taking sides for a war that has nothing to do with India. These extremist groups, use any and every world event to formulate a them vs us environment online, leading their members further down the rabbit hole of radicalisation. Which is why you will find articles like “Pro-Khalistan group donates $21,000 to Palestinian refugees”[5] circulating in Indian left wing extremist circles as an example of solidarity in the fight against the injustice and the same article in Indian right wing extremist circles as an example of how the entire left wing justifies actions of Hamas and supports separatist movements in India. This brings forth a situation where youth get radicalised without any particular ideology or movement being involved in the process. Michael Hameleers & Desirée Schmuck’s [6] 2017 paper, ‘It’s us against them: a comparative experiment on the effects of populist messages communicated via social media’, provides further insight into the build-up of this us vs them mindset online.

Indian society is collectivistic in nature; in most cases those born in Indian society form their identities in context of their family, friends, neighbourhood, community and so on. More often than not individuals within Indian society have a tendency to seek acceptance and validation for their actions from their inner social circles and they seek assistance from the same circle at times of need. This makes family, friends and communities an important part of life and sometimes even survival. Therefore, even a radicalised individual is less likely to overtly or obviously commit violent acts if their immediate circle will be impacted by the action. Conversely, when looking at the terrorists recruitment processes, the whole idea, as it is sold to the targets is, “individual risk and sacrifice in service of the promotion of group intentions”[7]. In India, we get to see both dynamics play out. In those places where extremist groups are less influential, we see advocacy of their goals and movements via non-violent means and in areas where the groups have more power, we see higher willingness to engage in violence.

Due to the current demographic distribution of India, most radicalisation driven violence is restricted to a select few areas. However, with the rise of the social media age and the new outrage culture seeping into day to day lives of the present and future generations, we are looking at a future where young people may be more willing to engage in violent acts. Therefore, counter-radicalisation strategies in India need to be implementable in the short-term such that they are relatively cost effective as well as effective on the masses.

Here the distinction between de-radicalisation and counter radicalisation becomes important. The table below, derived from a 2017 paper by Bajpai G. S. and Kaushik A.[8], clearly illustrates the distinction:

Strategy	Targeted Behaviour	Aim of Program	Main Objective
Deradicalisation	Insurgency	Rehabilitation	Cessation of Violence
Deradicalisation	Terrorism	Rehabilitation	Reintegration
Counter Radicalisation	Transition to terrorism	Mitigation	Disengagement
	Violent Extremism		Reintegration
	Violent Extremism		Rehabilitation

Bajpai G. S. and Kaushik A.[9] also mentioned another term, ‘Anti Radicalisation’ which was targeted at those vulnerable to risk from radicalisation and violent extremism. However, as explained in my article on radicalisation, everyone fits into this category and anti-radicalisation as such is more of a social responsibility.

Each state of India differs in the type and degree of extremism within its population. Therefore, the type of strategy to counter efforts of extremist groups must also differ accordingly. This is what we observe in current practice as well. For instance, one of the policies that the central government has been collaborating with the state governments on, is the surrender-cum-rehabilitation policy. According to the Ministry of Home Affairs[10], “Surrender-cum-Rehabilitation policy is part of the overall policy to build consensus and evolve an acceptable and peaceful solution to violence perpetrated by extremist groups, to usher in peace and development, especially in the disturbed regions. Though policies for rehabilitation of militants have been successful in J&K and North Eastern States, implementation of similar policies in Naxal affected States has not been impressive for various reasons. This policy has been evolved, keeping in mind the specific geographical and social landscape to help those Naxalites who want to abjure violence, surrender and join the mainstream. As the Naxal problem has arisen on account of real and perceived neglect, deprivation and disaffection, mainly towards the downtrodden, the solution should aim at providing gainful employment and entrepreneurial opportunities to the surrendered Naxalites so that they are encouraged to join the mainstream and do not return to the fold of Naxal movement.” Keeping in line with this, one may note that this policy is not targeting the separatists in Punjab. This could be because the Khalistan movement doesn’t have actual support from the local population in Punjab, making a hard crackdown[11] on extremist groups a better approach. Another approach towards deterrence of violence, that is used in Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttarakhand and Punjab, is confiscation/destruction of assets that are acquired/built illegally by members of extremist groups or extremists inciting violence, especially the ones found engaging in violent acts such as destruction of government property.

The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence published a policy report [12] on Prisons and Terrorism Radicalisation and De-radicalisation in 15 countries. In the report, it is argued that “prison regimes for terrorists need to be informed by a sophisticated understanding of the motivations and behaviours of politically motivated offenders, who, unlike ‘ordinary prisoners’, may want to mobilise outside support, radicalise other prisoners, and (in the case of terrorists) recreate operational command structures”. It also notes that, “terrorist groups differ in relation to their internal structure and cohesion. Terrorist groups are no longer always coherent, firmly structured entities, but – like al Qaeda – they may constitute loose networks which revolve around personal relationships rather than military hierarchies. Some of these groups are said to have implemented the idea of ‘leaderless resistance’ whereby a movement’s leadership and its followers have no direct contact”. While India is not one of the countries sampled in this study, it might not be a far reach to assume that some of the findings are applicable to our approach when it comes to dealing with extremists as we see in a 2020 report [13] by Dr V Balasubramaniyan on Jihadist Recidivism in Tamil Nadu.

While some states have found a range of counter radicalisation measures such as the ones mentioned above, there are some states that have found potential in counter-radicalisation programmes that are similar to the de-radicalisation programmes popularly discussed in international circles as well. One promising case is that of Maharashtra Police deradicalisation project [14], which has helped pull back 120 youth, including six women, from the brink of jihadi recruitment. The programme, the only one being run by a state police force, is being looked at closely by J&K, Punjab, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. This project involves short-term monitoring of individuals suspected of being radicalised based on inputs from family, friends and/or field officers. This model is different from the ones in Indonesia, Singapore, Saudi Arabia etc., in the fact that the candidates are not prison convicts as the program is preventative in nature. The deradicalisation program is built on four prongs – the candidate, her/his family, psychologists, clergy and the police. Another structured program similar to this which seems to have produced promising results [15] is, ‘Sahi Raasta’ programme [16] in Kashmir. As part of this initiative, young people who have been radicalised or have become inclined towards violent extremism (identified based on inputs from Jammu and Kashmir police, senior army officers and others), are brought back and integrated into the mainstream through a 21-day residential programme run by experts from various fields and several senior army officers interact with them.

Conclusion:

Radicalisation is a complex and ongoing phenomenon which doesn’t immediately translate to violence but increases the risk of violence.
The collectivistic nature of Indian society as well as its demographic profile, provides a natural environment conducive to counter-radicalisation strategies.
With more people exposed to and even dependent on social media platforms, the risk of radicalisation has become greater, especially for the younger generations.
There is a difference between counter-radicalisation and de-radicalisation. This difference is mainly in the groups targeted and the aim of the program. The aim of a counter-radicalisation strategy is mitigation and prevention.
Counter-radicalisation strategies are more suited for India than wide scale de-radicalisation programmes as they are less costly, easier to implement and require less human resource as well as infrastructure.
The nature and situation surrounding the phenomena of radicalisation differs in each part of the country. Counter-radicalisation strategies must be made based on what is most effective for the situation in the particular area of concern and its people.
There is a need for each state to identify radicalisation hotspots, the reason for emergence of these hotspots and effective long term counter radicalisation programmes to prevent violent extremism in these areas.
Any approach to counter-radicalisation or de-radicalisation in India must be holistic and address the root cause of radicalisation.

Author Brief Bio: Anmol Mahajan is a Research Fellow at India Foundation.

References

[1] Mahajan, A. (2023) The Psychology of Radicalisation. Chintan https://chintan.indiafoundation.in/articles/the-psychology-of-radicalisation/#:~:text=Group%20radicalisation%20arises%20when%20extremism,or%20any%20other%20such%20aspects.

[2] Silver, L., Huang, C., and Clancy, L., (2023) Key facts as India surpasses China as the world’s most populous country. Pew research Centre https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/02/09/key-facts-as-india-surpasses-china-as-the-worlds-most-populous-country/

[3] Ashok, A., and Munir, S., (2020) Radicalisation: Perspectives from India and Bangladesh. Centre for Land and Welfare Studies https://www.claws.in/radicalisation-perspectives/

[4] Zee Media Bureau (2023) Punjab Police Crack Down On Locations Linked To ISI-Backed Khalistani Extremist Landa, Detain Several Suspects. Zee News https://zeenews.india.com/india/punjab-police-crack-down-on-locations-linked-to-isi-backed-khalistani-extremist-landa-detain-several-suspects-2667079.html

[5] Shah, M., A., (2023) Pro-Khalistan group donates $21,000 to Palestinian refugees. The News https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1120074-pro-khalistan-group-sikhs-for-justice-donates-21000-to-palestinian-refugees

[6] Hameleers, M., and Schmuck, D., (2017) It’s us against them: a comparative experiment on the effects of populist messages communicated via social media. Information, Communication and Society, 20(9) 1425-1444. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328523

[7] Paterka-Benton, D., and Benton, B, (2014) Effects of Cultural Collectivism on Terrorism Favorability https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271673099_Effects_of_Cultural_Collectivism_on_Terrorism_Favorability

[8] Bajpai, G., S., and Kaushik, A., (2017) Thwarting Radicalization in India: Lacunae in Policy Initiatives. Sociology and Criminology, 5(1). https://www.longdom.org/open-access/thwarting-radicalization-in-india-lacunae-in-policy-initiatives-2375-4435-1000166.pdf

[9] Bajpai, G., S., and Kaushik, A., (2017) Thwarting Radicalization in India: Lacunae in Policy Initiatives. Sociology and Criminology, 5(1). https://www.longdom.org/open-access/thwarting-radicalization-in-india-lacunae-in-policy-initiatives-2375-4435-1000166.pdf

[10] Ministry of Home Affairs, Guidelines for surrender-cum-rehabilitation of naxalites in the naxal affected States. https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/surrrenderPolAendments070909_0.pdf

[11] Ware, J., (2023) The New Online Radicals: The Third Generation of Online Radicalisation. Global Network on Extremism and Technology https://gnet-research.org/2023/10/04/the-new-online-radicals-the-third-generation-of-online-radicalisation/

[12] Prisons and Terrorism: Radicalisation and De-Radicalisation in 15 Countries. The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/Prisons-and-terrorism-15-countries.pdf

[13] Balasubramaniyan, V., (2020) Rising Jihadist Recidivism in Tamil Nadu: A Red Flag. Indian Defence Review https://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/rising-jihadist-recidivism-in-tamil-nadu-a-red-flag/

[14] Rajput, S., and Shaikh, Z., (2019) Maharashtra Police deradicalisation project: Core curriculum step by step. The Indian Express https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-police-deradicalisation-project-core-curriculum-step-by-step-5873952/

[15] Dutt, K., (2022) Visible change seen in radicalised youths after ‘Sahi Raasta’ programme: Army. The Print https://theprint.in/india/visible-change-seen-in-radicalised-youths-after-sahi-raasta-programme-army/1202224/

[16] Philip, S., A., (2023) Kashmir sees ‘drastic fall’ in terror recruitment after Army & police launch de-radicalisation drive. The Print https://theprint.in/defence/kashmir-sees-drastic-fall-in-terror-recruitment-after-army-police-launch-de-radicalisation-drive/1606418/

India Foundation Journal: January-February 2024

IF Journal Jan-Feb 2024

Event Report – 6th Atal Bihari Vajpayee Memorial Lecture

India Foundation organised the 6^th Atal Bihari Vajpayee Memorial Lecture (ABVML) on December 26, 2023, at India Habitat Centre, New Delhi. The lecture was addressed by General V. P. Malik, Former Chief of Army Staff, Indian Army, and Amb Kanwal Sibal, Former Foreign Secretary of India, on the theme “Reminiscences with Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee”. The session was chaired by Shri Suresh Prabhu, Former Union Minister, Government of India, and Chairman, Governing Council, India Foundation. Laced with a string of personal anecdotes, the speakers shared their memories of engagement with the late Prime Minister of India, Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Amb Kanwal Sibal noted that according to him, Atal Ji’s greatest contribution to national security was his decision to go for the nuclear tests and pave the way for India’s global stance as an emerging nuclear power. Discussing the late Prime Minister’s visit to China in 2003, he stated that it was instrumental in nudging China towards the recognition of Sikkim as an integral part of India, and also helped in the setting up of the Special Representatives (SRs) mechanism to works towards border dispute settlement.

Gen V. P. Malik described Atal Ji’s personality as a visionary statesman who promoted peace while strengthening India by undertaking nuclear tests. He was firm and wanted peace without compromising India’s core interests and strongly resisted external pressures. During his tenure, India’s stature enhanced considerably in the comity of nations. His work ethics mandated deliberations, dialogue and consensus. He was a peace-loving poet, a person who felt the pain of the masses, and was very clear about what he wanted. During his tenure, he worked towards establishing peace with Pakistan, and the historic Lahore bus journey was a part of the move. However, when faced with treacherous infiltrations in Kargil, he decided to give a firm response and refused to go to the United States of America for discussions with Pakistan until their troops had withdrawn from Indian territory. He also ensured that stable foundations were laid to tackle the upsurge of terrorism in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), and was equally determined to win the hearts and minds of the people of J&K.

Shri Suresh Prabhu pertinently observed that having worked with Atal Ji at close quarters, he could sense that Atal Ji had the remarkable trait of leading a coalition government having many stalwarts, and yet could brew a consensus amongst all the members. The Vajpayee government was one of the most successful Indian governments in getting economic growth and laid solid foundations for infrastructural growth. Atal Ji had sensed that Indian elections were won on the basis of emotions, so he transformed development into an emotive issue, thus pushing it as a major poll agenda. He initiated some of the fundamentally transformational development reforms during his tenure, such as the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana and the Sagar Mala project to develop minor ports of India into major, well-connected ports. Atal Ji was an astute politician struck a sound balance between political expediency and public persona. More significantly, besides being a great politician, he was also an extremely good human being who was very compassionate and had emotions for his colleagues and associates.

The vote of thanks was delivered by Capt Alok Bansal, Director, India Foundation. He highlighted that Atal Ji played a critical role in increasing the vibrancy of Indian democracy by ushering in a unique pluralism in the political spectrum. He noted that for ages to come, Atal Ji shall be etched in our memories as a beautiful manifestation of the core meaning of democracy, as a leader who adorns the throne and the place of opposition with equal grace and humility.

India Japan Delegation 2023

After a year-long online engagement between India Foundation, New Delhi and Kajima Institute of International Peace (KIIP), Tokyo, the India Foundation delegation of five senior delegates visited Japan hosted by KIIP. The delegation led by Dr. Ram Madhav, President, India Foundation included Vice Admiral Shekhar Sinha, Chairman, Board of Trustees, India Foundation, New Delhi, India, Amb Deepa Gopalan Wadhwa, Indian Foreign Service (Retired) Former Ambassador to Sweden, Latvia, Qatar, Japan and the Marshall Islands, Ms. Rami Niranjan Desai, Distinguished Fellow, India Foundation and Dr Srabani Roy Choudhary, Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University

New Delhi, India.

The delegation visit took place from 13^th December 2023 to 17^thDecember 2023. During the visit the delegation visited several leading think tanks in Japan and discussed issues of mutual concern to India and Japan such as trade and commerce, security and defence as well as soft power. The delegation was invited by Nakasone Peace Institute, International Strategic Research center, Sasagawa Peace Foundation and the PHP Institute. The delegation also met with India Committee of Japan Association of Corporate Executives (JBIC), the meeting was hosted by Mr Tadashi Maeda, Committee Chairperson. The delegation also met with Diet Japan India Friendship Caucus which included various Members of the house of Representatives and Ministers.

The delegation was hosted by the Indian Ambassador to Tokyo, Amb. Sibi George at the India House for a dinner to welcome the delegation to Japan as well as to interact with India experts in Japan and other dignitaries who have contributed to the India Japan partnership. Amb Sibi George and Dr Ram Madhav both delivered their remarks on the visit of the delegation.

The delegation also travelled to Kyoto. KIIP and PHP Institute had jointly organised a half day conference to deliberate on the importance of Soft Power to both the countries. Delegate members made presentations on the same. In Kyoto the Counsel General of India in Osaka, Mr. Nikhilesh Chandra Giri hosted a dinner for the delegation. The delegation met with several senior academics, India experts and diaspora. The Counsel General Mr. Nikhilesh Chandra Giri, Dr Ram Madhav and Deepa Gopalan Wadhwa addressed the gathering with warm words of friendship and a vision of an ever-strengthening India Japan partnership.

Parliament in Exile: The Tibetan Election

Date: 30th November 2023
Time: 15:00 Hrs to 16:00 Hrs
Presenter: Ven. Khenpo Sonam Tenphel La, The Hon’ble Speaker of the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile
Short Report:
India Foundation organised the third session of Round-Table Discussions in the ongoing “Tibet Talks” series. The topic for this session was ‘Parliament In Exile: The Tibetan Election’. The session was addressed by Ven. Khenpo Sonam Tenphel La, The Hon’ble Speaker of the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile. This was the first in the series on the Tibetan Government in Exile which will be followed by presentations on the administration and judiciary of the CTA. The Round-Table Discussion took place on November 30, 2023, at the India Foundation office, with the session being chaired by Vice Admiral Shekhar Sinha, Chairperson, Board of Trustees, India Foundation. During his presentation, Ven. Khenpo Sonam Tenphel la explained how the Tibetan government in Exile functions democratically with the three pillars: Judiciary, Legislature, and Executive. The Hon’ble Speaker of the Tibetan Parliament -in-Exile also released an Issue Brief titled “North Korean Diplomacy: After the Korean War (1953-1963)”, authored by Ngawang Gamtso Hardy, Visiting Fellow, India Foundation, after the roundtable discussion. The Round-Table Discussion was attended by the young Tibetan diaspora in India, Former Diplomats, Entrepreneurs, Indian scholars, and the India Foundation team.

North Korean Diplomacy: After the Korean War (1953-1963)

4th India Foundation Ideas Series – Book Discussion with Dr. Saumya Dey

As a part of its intellectual pursuits, India Foundation hosted the 4^th edition of India Foundation Ideas Series on November 24, 2023. In this edition, a discussion on the book titled “The Seedbed of Pakistan: Cultural Conflicts, Elite Muslim Anxieties and the Congress 1885-1906”, was organized with the author Dr. Saumya Dey, Professor, Rishihood University. The session was chaired by Mr. Come Carpentier, Distinguished Fellow, India Foundation. The author shed light on the key arguments of his book, followed by an engaging conversation with the esteemed attendees. He discussed the ‘Islamicate’ nature of the Muslim-ruled states of India, and how its breakdown in the early colonial period led to the formation of elite Muslim consciousness as a separate entity, which prepared the background for eventual partition of India.

First Edition of Roundtable Discussion Series – Changing Societies: Debates around Gender and Identity

India Foundation organised a roundtable discussion on 21 November 2023 as the first edition of its new roundtable series, Changing Societies: Debates around Gender and Identity. The topic of this edition was, “Legislation on Same Sex Marriage and Adoption Rights”. This edition aimed to act as a medium to improve and build an understanding of the present discourse as well as the diversity and nuances within it. The discussions were chaired by Prof. Sunaina Singh, Member Board of Trustees, India Foundation and several esteemed scholars, academicians, legal experts and important stakeholders participated in the discussions bringing forward diverse perspectives on the issue. Swami Mitrananda, Spiritual Mentor, Chinmaya Mission gave the closing address for the round table.

India Foundation-Fudan University Bilateral Conference 2023

India Foundation organized the 8th round of India Foundation-Fudan University Bilateral Conference on November 18, 2023 at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi themed ‘India-China Bilateralism: Potential & Challenges’. A five-member delegation from Fudan University, Shanghai, China participated in the dialogue. The members of the delegation were: Prof. Zhang Jiadong, Director of Center for South Asia Studies, Fudan University; Prof. Liu Zongyi, Director, Institute for International Strategic and Security Studies; Prof. Tu Yichao, Associate Professor, Center for American Studies, Fudan University; Prof. Wei Zongyou, Professor, Center for American Studies, Fudan University and Prof. Xie Chao, Associate Professor at the Institute of International Studies, Fudan University.

Inaugural Session

The Inaugural Session of India Foundation-Fudan University Bilateral Conference 2023 commenced with the Welcome Remarks by Capt Alok Bansal, Director, India Foundation where he welcomed the delegation from Fudan University to India.
In his Introductory Remarks, Prof. Zhang Jiadong, referred to the success of the previous Conferences which have been conducted since 2014 and have been a mark of mutual cooperation and persistence between the two organizations.

The Keynote Address was delivered by Dr Ram Madhav, President, India Foundation. He spoke with reference to Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi’s vision of ‘together with all and development of all’ and emphasized upon India’s growth in the sectors of poverty alleviation, urban and rural infrastructural upliftment through the means of roads, railways, airports, ports, water and electricity. He discussed the reason behind providing the developmental figures which was to put in front the focus of the Indian government to improve the living standards of people and the massive efforts of the government to achieve overall development of the country.

Dr Madhav focused on the close neighborhood ties between China and India, sharing admiration and goodwill towards each other. He spoke of the principle of ‘together we grow’, on which India works with respect to its neighbors. Referring to Covid-pandemic, and the G20 theme of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’, he also spoke of working together with mutual trust and development with peace for all with greater cooperation and bonhomie.

Mr Siddharth Singh, Senior Research Fellow, India Foundation, delivered the vote of thanks to the Fudan University Delegation for their visit to India. He also thanked Prof. Zhang Jiadong for his Introductory Remarks and for the insightful Keynote Address by Dr Ram Madhav.

Working Session 1

The first Working Session was titled, ‘Changing Geopolitical Environment and its impact on India-China Relations’. It was chaired by Vice Adm Shekhar Sinha, Chairman, Board of Trustees, India Foundation. The speakers at the session were Dr Zhang Jiadong, Director of Center for South Asia Studies, Fudan University; Capt Alok Bansal, Director, India Foundation; Dr Wei Zongyou, Professor at the Center for American Studies, Fudan University and Ms Shikha Aggarwal, Senior Research Fellow, India Foundation.

In his opening remarks, Adm Sinha remarked on the internal and external factors which impact India-China relations in light of the increasing lack of trust between the two countries. He emphasized on identification and bridging the gaps between India and China and improving our bilateral ties by encouraging people to people contact.

Prof Zhang Jiadong divided India-China relations in three chronological stages emphasizing on our commonalities of culture and the many similarities in our current policies. He spoke about how China and India have often worked on the state of their bilateral relations which could not progress due to geographical and trade disputes which exacerbated post covid-pandemic. Prof. Jiadong expressed that owing to the situation of multi polarization and world powers, the efforts towards independence and freedom became more difficult as the capability of control increased due to which both the countries went through fundamental changes in their social and economic structure. He concluded by saying that both the countries must acknowledge the issues between them and work towards a more strategic cohesiveness by building respect for each other.

Ms Shikha Aggarwal focused on India and China’s post- Galwan dynamic, strategic distrust and the national policies that might have undermined the trust between the two countries. She stated about the global security initiative that China ensued recently and how it affected the global world and specifically India. She mentioned the concerns that India holds in current times due to China’s strategic decisions on security and how it could influence India in a negative manner. Ms Aggarwal concluded by mentioning about bringing down the strategic distrust between India and China and comprehending the India-China dynamic.

Prof Wei Zongyou characterized and defined the role of China in the geopolitical landscape of the Indo-Pacific region. He stated about the longtime strategic competition between the United States and China and how the trade relations were affected when the Presidency of the United States shifted. Prof Wei also spoke about the high-tech competition and the rising issues between India and China and dependence on China for being the major supply chain. He stressed on generating communication and establishing dialogue to manage the hostile relations and working towards stabilization between the two countries.

Capt Alok Bansal emphasized on the current changing geopolitical environment of the world due the Russia-Ukraine War and the Israel-Hamas conflict and India and China holding similar views against these conflicts. He also mentioned China’s mild attitude towards countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan that have been promoting religious radicalisation and jihadi terrorism for the last many years and how this has affected the India-China relations. The second issue he raised was regarding the territorial dispute between BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) and CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor), it being the issue of infringement and the question of its economic viability. He considered it to be a matter of sensitivity that China should confer upon. The third issue on which he focused was on freedom of navigation because India’s trade is largely dependent on its maritime independence. Lastly, he spoke about the issue of G2 (Group of Two) and how it is difficult for India which believes in ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ to accept China-US relations. He concluded by mentioning that India and China both being Asiatic cultures have the same basic value system and are much different from the individualised West and thus should be cognizant of each other’s sensitivities for a peaceful coexistence of the neighboring countries.

Working Session 2

The second Working Session was titled, ‘Managing Trade Imbalance and Enhancing People-to-People Connect’. The session was chaired by Prof Zhang Jiadong, Professor, Fudan University. The speakers of the session were Prof SK Mohanty, Professor, Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS); Prof Tu Yichao, Associate Professor at the Center for American Studies, Fudan University; Ms Gaurie Dwivedi, Economist & Journalist and Prof Xie Chao, Associate Professor at the Institute of International Studies, Fudan University and Associate Editor-in-Chief of Quarterly Journal of International Politics.

Prof Zhang Jiadong initiated the session by putting forth the importance of people to people connect and its relevance in today’s world at a global stage.

Prof SK Mohanty focused on India-China trade relations in the present world. He explained the present bilateral economic scenario among the two countries and rise of discontent between the two countries amid growing trade relations. He discussed the issue of unsustainable trade leading to growing trade imbalances post Covid-pandemic. Speaking about the structure of trade and composition of imports from China, he concluded that India could be a long lasting partner of China if handled properly given that India has been the largest contributor to the trade surplus of China after the US, Hong Kong, and Netherlands. Professor Mohanty concluded by saying that India should follow a strategic approach to deal with China in building bilateral trade relationships and work together in the value chain sector in the third market.

Prof Tu Yichao focused on people-to-people connect and the relevance of cultural exchange on a local, state and global level and the importance of these relationships with respect to international relations. She referred to the old relations between China and India having ancient civilizations, history and culture and also emphasized on the importance of Buddhism that originated in India but spread to most neighboring nations. She credited the Han dynasty for laying the foundation of India-China relations in China. Prof Tu spoke about mutual respect for ancient traditions in India and China which has been a catalyst for increase in commercial exchange between the two countries. The cultural ties between the two countries have influenced people in modern times. The importance of various ancient literatures, music and yoga, also bound people at spiritual levels as well.

Speaking about the post-Covid pandemic era, Prof Tu mentioned about the difficulties that people face in the current scenario and that we should consider for an alternative path towards the phenomena where people can believe and work together to enhance people to people exchange.

Ms Gaurie Dwivedi emphasized on the comparison of economic relations between India and China in 2012 and 2022. She spoke about India being the largest trading partner of China in 2012 and called it a backdrop for greater heights in the economic balance between the two countries because the Indian economic ecosystem was integrating Chinese regulations. In 2022, the relations changed and she pointed out that globalization and technology are not economic but strategic issues and that this shift in a decade explained the India-China story. The economic interdependence between two countries was considered good and to alleviate political strain and facilitate answers to geopolitical problems and challenges but in the trajectory of last decade, the political friction between the two countries exacerbated those challenges and India reduced its economic interdependence on China. Ms Dwivedi stated the importance of diversification of the economic and technology sectors of both the countries that could shape overall India-China bilateral ties.

Prof Xie Chao spoke on India-China trade imbalance, its impact globally and various ways in which it could be handled by both the nations. He mentioned the changes in the economic ties between both the countries, economic imbalance being a long standing issue and its effect at the global level. He stated positively about India’s steady growth with respect to its sectors of economy and trade and that India should rethink the issues of trade imbalance in a positive manner. Mentioning various ways of handling the different positions of India and China, he focused on the standpoint of open and fair discussions and giving respect to perceptions of both the nations and working towards narrowing the gap. He emphasized on the growth of bilateral relations is dependent largely on trade relations, India and China both being at the ends of the supply chain. Referring to historical linkages between two countries, he said that both countries should work together on capacity building as a part of emerging economies.

Working Session 3

The third Working Session was titled, ‘India-China Relations: The Peace Parameters’ and was chaired by Dr Ram Madhav, President, India Foundation. The speakers of the session were Prof Liu Zongyi, Director of the Research, Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS); Prof Swaran Singh, Professor, Centre for International Politics, Organisation & Disarmament, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU); Prof Zhang Jiadong, Professor of international relations, Fudan University and Prof Ravi Prasad Narayanan, Associate Professor, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU).

Dr Ram Madhav initiated the session by speaking about establishing the groundwork for lasting peace between India and China and promoting the values and parameters to build peace throughout the world. Quoting the External Affairs Minister of India, he highlighted on the three pillars, – ‘mutual respect’, ‘mutual sensitivity’ and ‘mutual interest’.

Prof Liu Zongyi focused on collective working towards improving the bilateral relations between India and China. He referred to ancient Asian civilizations and the ancient linkages between the two countries and emphasized on making efforts to improve the neighborhood relations. He also spoke on the issues of India and China in the international order and to deal with the trilateral relation among India, China and US. He raised concerns on the ongoing economic imbalance between India and China and called for stable and safe bilateral relations.

Prof Swaran Singh spoke about the measurable factors that would explain peaceful relations between India and China, namely, trust deficit, the colonial experience, and both having transformed societies in comparison to their old establishments and both being conscious of their historical roots. Prof Singh said that the border disputes have fatigued the peace and tranquility between the two countries and thus to ensure peace parameters, the discussions on border dispute must come at the center stage. He explained three things that explain India-China relations: dynamic bilateral equations; increasing pressure of internal expectations and mosaic of contestations. He concluded by speaking about the peace parameters which should focus on building of expertise and strategic communication between the institutions of both the countries.

Prof Zhang Jiadong gave a pragmatic and optimistic outlook on India and China relations. He focused mainly on the civilizational and cultural importance of both India and China. He mentioned that the political standoff between the two countries emerged much later in time and with their growth, both the nations underwent a lot of changes affecting the dimension of peace for both countries. Prof Jiadong spoke about the geographical and strategic differences between India and China, India being from South Asia and China from East Asia which also explained their dynamic neighborhood relations. He emphasized on working towards economic betterment of both the countries and creating a common ground for negotiations for a new normal for India and China relations.

Prof Ravi Prasad Narayanan remarked on the civilizational importance of India and China and both the countries sharing the religious connect with each other through Buddhism. He emphasized on working towards a common foreign policy by the government of both the countries and should move out from the Westphalian phase because conflict of any manner stalls the economic progress of the nation. He also stated the importance of civilizational connection between both the countries and thus the need to study, develop and promote easier movement of people between India and China.

Concluding Session

Vice Adm Shekhar Sinha and Prof Zhang Jiadong concluded the Conference by expressing their appreciation towards the delegates from India and China and congratulated everyone for fair, fruitful and intense discussions.

They emphasized on developing trust between India and China along with the settlement of border disputes and the economic imbalance and stressed for moving towards the right direction of peace and tranquility.

Women’s Leadership in Counter-Terrorism- A Catalyst for Global Security Transformation

Abstract

The 21st century’s counter-terrorism landscape is marked by a constantly shifting terrain of threats, necessitating innovative and adaptable strategies. This comprehensive research article delves into the strategic impact of women’s leadership in counter-terrorism, emphasizing the urgent need for a fresh perspective to effectively navigate these intricate challenges. As conventional counter-terrorism tactics increasingly appear misaligned with the dynamism of contemporary terrorism, women leaders introduce diverse insights, integrated strategies, and community-driven solutions that revolutionize prevailing paradigms. Incorporating detailed case studies, analytical evaluations, and actionable policy recommendations, this article not only elevates the essential role of women in reshaping counter-terrorism initiatives but also promotes a transformative pivot with the potential to redefine global security paradigms. The established counter-terrorism playbook is progressively challenged in our era of heightened global interconnectivity, rapid technological evolution, and emerging terrorist threats. With terrorist entities swiftly adapting and leveraging vulnerabilities, there’s an urgent call for a shift in both strategic and leadership approaches. Women leaders, with their unique qualities and viewpoints, are enriching the counter-terrorism narrative. They present all-encompassing strategies that transcend mere security reactions and deeply probe into the intricate origins of extremism. Their innate ability to foster community trust, contest extremist ideologies, and empower subsequent generations introduces an invaluable dimension to counter-terrorism efforts.

I) Introduction

This article is a detailed expedition into the diverse roles women play in counter-terrorism, encompassing the hurdles they encounter, the inertia within entrenched institutions, and the policy shifts required to unleash their fullest potential. By spotlighting accomplished women leaders in the domain, the article illuminates their transformative impacts, the ripple effects of their leadership, and the wisdom that can be extracted from their journeys. In our rapidly transforming security dynamics, acknowledging the strategic essence of women’s leadership in counter-terrorism is not solely an equality agenda but a decisive move towards a more secure global horizon. Embarking on this exploration, readers are guided through the evolving contours of terrorism, women’s instrumental role in innovating counter-terrorism endeavors, and the roadmap ahead. The article provides an exhaustive examination of challenges that stand in the way of maximizing the potential of women in leadership, complemented by practical policy suggestions fostering a more inclusive counter-terrorism approach. As the global stage contends with 21st-century security intricacies, this composition makes a persuasive argument for an avant-garde approach—one that champions the strategic prowess of women’s leadership in our collective pursuit of global stability and safety.

Background and Significance

In the 21st century, the specter of terrorism looms large, challenging global security and propelling a relentless pursuit of innovative and adaptable countermeasures. As we navigate this research article, a deep understanding of terrorism’s evolution becomes pivotal, laying the groundwork for assessing the transformative power of women’s leadership amidst these shifting sands.

The Changing Face of Terrorism

Historically delineated by specific regions or ideological groups, the nature of terrorism has profoundly transformed in recent decades. The traditional terrorist model—marked by clear hierarchies, discernible leadership, and territorial ambitions—has diversified. Contemporary terrorism defies borders, ideologies, and affiliations, leveraging digital realms to disseminate extremist views and inspire solitary actors to mount attacks. This change encompasses the ascendancy of non-state entities, solitary attackers, and extensive networks, challenging the effectiveness of standard counter-terrorism measures. Additionally, the entanglement of terrorism with socio-economic disparities, political turbulence, and cultural identity nuances further muddies the waters^[1]. To be truly effective, counter-terrorism methodologies must mirror the adaptability of the threats they face.

The Imperative for Change

Given this intricate backdrop, the call for a counter-terrorism paradigm shift is undeniable. While military and intelligence-driven strategies remain indispensable, they can sometimes skirt the underpinnings of extremism—factors like poverty, discrimination, and inequality. Addressing these root determinants, which serve as hotbeds for recruitment and radicalization, calls for a more comprehensive, community-aligned approach.

Embracing the Gender Lens

In this evolving milieu, championing women’s leadership roles within the counter-terrorism sphere becomes a paramount strategic move. Despite possessing distinct insights and strengths, women have traditionally been sidelined in security and counter-terrorism forums.

The Significance of Women at the Helm

Women leaders consistently demonstrate an ability to view counter-terrorism through a more encompassing lens. They grasp the necessity of addressing core drivers of extremism like economic disparities and societal inequalities to inhibit radicalization. Often, women stand uniquely poised to foster community trust, bridging crucial gaps between governing bodies and their constituents. This collaborative, empathy-driven stance enhances intelligence gathering and disrupts potential threats. Additionally, women in leadership not only challenge prevailing stereotypes but also inspire succeeding generations, especially other women, to actively participate in anti-terrorism efforts. Their active involvement signals a profound shift towards gender-inclusive counter-terrorism strategies, and, more broadly, a more secure global paradigm^[2].

As the article delves deeper into the study, it will dissect the myriad facets of this strategic evolution, offering an exhaustive insight into the potential of women in these roles, the obstacles they navigate, and the policy shifts needed to amplify their impact. Through the prism of women’s leadership in counter-terrorism, it charts a course towards a safer, more harmonious world.

II) Aims and Objectives

The following outlines the major aims and objectives of this study-

Analyzing the evolving nature of terrorism in the 21st century- This study aims to delve into the intricacies of modern terrorism, seeking to understand its evolving dynamics.
Comparative Analysis of Leadership Styles in Counter-Terrorism Based on Feminine and Masculine Traits- Drawing from historical and contemporary leaders, this study aims to understand the effectiveness of each style and compares them for a balanced approach in counter-terrorism efforts.
Analyzing Women’s Role in Counter-Terrorism- This study aims to explore the multifaceted roles women play in counter-terrorism, highlighting their contributions in strategy, intelligence, community engagement, policy innovation and politics.
Analyzing the Unique Perspectives and Approaches of Women Leaders in Counter-Terrorism- This study aims to emphasize the invaluable and innovative perspectives women leaders introduce to counter-terrorism.
Navigating Challenges and Barriers- This study aims to understand that transformative endeavors often meet resistance, probing into the myriad challenges women face when aspiring to leadership positions within counter-terrorism.
Strategies for Integrating Women’s Leadership in Counter-Terrorism Dynamics- This study aims to discern and outline the methods and avenues through which women’s leadership can be seamlessly woven into the fabric of counter-terrorism initiatives and global security efforts.
Fostering the Next Generation- This study aims to nurture upcoming generations, especially young women, to explore careers within counter-terrorism.
Augmenting Global Security Efforts- This study aims to enhance global security paradigms by championing a more encompassing, avant-garde approach to counter-terrorism.

By encapsulating these objectives, this research article aims to be a voice, offering not just insights but also actionable pathways in counter-terrorism, all in pursuit of a more secure global environment.

III) Analysis and Discussion

Objective 1- Analyzing the Evolving Nature of Terrorism in the 21st Century

In an era marked by rapid technological advancements and geopolitical shifts, our understanding of threats and security paradigms is constantly being tested. With state and non-state actors leveraging every available tool in this interconnected world, the nature of terrorism has become more sophisticated, decentralized, and harder to predict. Against this backdrop, it becomes crucial for us to recalibrate our perspectives and strategies to stay ahead of these emerging challenges. The evolving landscape includes:

Unfolding Tapestry of Terrorism- The modern age has unveiled a terrorism landscape that’s constantly in flux. Beyond established groups, terrorism now adopts varied forms, demanding a holistic and multidimensional counter-strategy.

The Global Network- In today’s interconnected world, terrorist networks exploit global channels, bypassing national limitations. Originating often from unstable regions, their operations blur conventional demarcations, necessitating international cooperation in counter-terrorism efforts.

Rise of the Unpredictable Lone Actors– The emergence of “lone-wolf” attackers, radicalized in digital seclusion, represents a unique challenge. Their actions, rooted in autonomy and unpredictability, necessitate innovative intelligence tactics.

Digital Domain- A Double-Edged Sword– While digital platforms act as conduits for extremist ideologies, they also offer counter-terrorism forces invaluable tools for surveillance, intelligence gathering, and narrative counteraction. Harnessing the digital realm’s potential while mitigating its risks becomes paramount.

Terrorist Strategy-A Chameleon in Play- Terrorist factions showcase agility, swiftly adjusting tactics in response to countermeasures. As defenses evolve, so do their strategies, underscoring the need for adaptable and anticipatory counter-strategies.

Digging to the Core- Root Catalysts– Beyond immediate threats, underlying issues like socio-economic disparities, governance deficiencies, and exploitation of cultural or religious sentiments fuel extremism. Comprehensive interventions must address these root causes to deter radicalization effectively.

Community Empowerment- The First Line of Defense– Empowering local communities, providing them with resources, and building trust can transform them into invaluable allies, offering on-ground intelligence and acting as effective deterrents to radical influences.

The Shield of Societal Resilience- An empowered and informed society acts as a bulwark against extremism. Prioritizing education, fostering unity, and promoting open dialogues can fortify societies against divisive extremist narratives.

Gender Insights- Beyond Tokenism– Incorporating gender perspectives, especially women’s insights, into counter-terrorism is not mere inclusivity—it’s strategic. Women bring forth nuanced understandings, unparalleled community liaisons, and a holistic confrontation of extremism.

Eco-terrorism- The Emerging Threat– With growing global concerns about environmental degradation, a new form of terrorism anchored in ecological motives is emerging. Recognizing and addressing this form of extremism requires an understanding of environmental grievances and a commitment to sustainable solutions.

Financial Networks- The Lifeblood of Terrorism- Terrorist operations often rely on intricate financial networks for funding. Identifying, monitoring, and severing these financial lifelines can critically impair their operational capacities.

Concluding Reflections- Modern terrorism, with its multifaceted challenges, demands an equally multifaceted response. By incorporating diverse perspectives, understanding evolving threats^[3], and fostering international cooperation, we can craft a counter-terrorism approach that’s not only robust but also resonant with the values of inclusivity and unity.

Objective 2- Comparative Analysis of Leadership Styles in Counter-Terrorism Based on Feminine and Masculine Traits

This evaluation correlates leadership styles with traditionally recognized feminine or masculine attributes. It’s important to note that leaders of any gender can manifest any of these characteristics. The efficiency of a leadership style frequently hinges on contextual factors.

Web-Weaver vs. Chess Master Leadership

Web-Weaver Leadership (Commonly linked with feminine traits)

Example- Marie Curie intricately connected diverse scientific disciplines, weaving them into groundbreaking discoveries.

Counter-terrorism Application- Interlink agencies, communities, and intelligence, creating a responsive and cohesive web of defense.

Chess Master Leadership (Commonly linked with masculine traits)

Example- Steve Jobs masterfully orchestrated Apple’s moves, foreseeing market trends like a grand chessboard.

Counter-terrorism Application- Strategize moves ahead of time, anticipating and checkmating extremist plots.

Soulful Navigators vs. Trailblazing Pioneers

Soulful Navigators (Commonly associated with feminine traits)

Example- Maya Angelou, through her poetic voice, moved hearts and changed perspectives, leading with soulful grace.

Counter-terrorism Application- Engage deeply with emotional and cultural narratives of communities, healing wounds and preventing radicalization.

Trailblazing Pioneers (Commonly linked with masculine traits)

Example- Neil Armstrong’s audacious step on the moon epitomized bold leadership. Counter-terrorism Application- Venture into uncharted territories of counter-terrorism, pioneering new methodologies.

Heart-led Healers vs. Steel-clad Warriors

Heart-led Healers (Commonly associated with feminine traits)

Example- Princess Diana radiated empathy, reaching out to the ostracized, showcasing heart-led leadership.

Counter-terrorism Application- Mend societal fissures and address root causes, ensuring communities are immune to extremist ideologies.

Steel-clad Warriors (Commonly linked with masculine traits)

Example- King Leonidas of Sparta defended his nation with unwavering valor against the Persian horde.

Counter-terrorism Application- Display uncompromising strength, ensuring that defensive lines against terrorism remain unbreached.

Harmonious Maestros vs. Lone Rangers

Harmonious Maestros (Associated with feminine traits)

Example- Beyoncé, through her music, creates harmonious symphonies that resonate globally.

Counter-terrorism Application- Synchronize multifaceted counter-terrorism efforts, ensuring all stakeholders work in harmony.

Lone Rangers (Linked with masculine traits)

Example- Indiana Jones’ daring adventures often saw him making pivotal decisions alone.

Counter-terrorism Application- Be prepared for autonomous actions when swift, individual decisions are paramount against terrorist threats.

Transformational Leadership vs. Transactional Leadership

Transformational Leadership (Commonly linked with feminine traits)

Example- Nelson Mandela exemplified inspirational leadership, motivating people toward a common vision of a united, non-racial South Africa.

Counter-terrorism Application- Motivate communities to unite against extremism by fostering hope and shared values.

Transactional Leadership (Commonly linked with masculine traits)

Example- Margaret Thatcher, known as the “Iron Lady”, often relied on clear-cut, quid-pro-quo agreements to achieve her objectives.

Counter-terrorism Application- Utilize structured rewards and punitive measures to enforce adherence to counter-terrorism protocols.

Visionary Leadership vs. Operational Leadership

Visionary Leadership (Commonly linked with feminine traits)

Example- Martin Luther King Jr. painted a vision of a society where all individuals are judged by their character, not color.

Counter-terrorism Application- Craft an inspiring vision of peace and unity, discouraging radical ideologies.

Operational Leadership (Commonly linked with masculine traits)

Example- Tim Cook, CEO of Apple, focuses on the precise details of operations to ensure efficiency and performance.

Counter-terrorism Application- Focus on the specifics of counter-terrorism operations, ensuring that each action and measure is efficiently executed.

Moral Leadership vs. Realpolitik Leadership

Moral Leadership (Commonly linked with feminine traits)

Example- Mahatma Gandhi embodied ethical leadership, prioritizing moral principles over political gains.

Counter-terrorism Application- Uphold ethical standards in counter-terrorism, emphasizing human rights and justice.

Realpolitik Leadership (Commonly linked with masculine traits)

Example- Otto von Bismarck pursued strategies based on practical considerations, rather than ideological or moral ones.

Counter-terrorism Application- Make decisions based on strategic interests, even if they diverge from established norms or ethics.

Luminous Beacons vs. Resolute Mountain Climbers

Luminous Beacons (Often associated with feminine traits)

Example- Oprah Winfrey, with her radiant positivity, lights up millions of minds, leading with heart and soul.

Counter-terrorism Application- Illuminate dark corners of misinformation, casting rays of hope and unity in affected communities.

Resolute Mountain Climbers (Typically linked with masculine traits)

Example- Sir Edmund Hillary’s unwavering ascent to Everest’s peak embodies the spirit of conquering the unconquerable.

Counter-terrorism Application- Tackle extremist threats head-on, surmounting every challenge with determination.

Stellar Nurturers vs. Galactic Voyagers

Stellar Nurturers (Associated with feminine traits)

Example- Mother Teresa nurtured the ailing and marginalized, creating constellations of care.

Counter-terrorism Application- Heal societal divides and fractures, ensuring a community’s cohesiveness against radical influences.

Galactic Voyagers (Tied with masculine traits)

Example- Elon Musk’s SpaceX ambitions represent the spirit of venturing into the cosmic unknown.

Counter-terrorism Application- Launch bold and unconventional initiatives, venturing into unexplored avenues of counter-terrorism.

In essence, Leadership transcends the confines of traditional gender-based attributes. Both ‘feminine’ and ‘masculine’ traits are threads in a rich leadership tapestry. Web-Weavers master the art of connectivity, while Chess Masters strategize with foresight. The heart and emotion of the Soulful Navigators find balance with the daring spirit of Trailblazing Pioneers. While Heart-led Healers bridge societal gaps, Steel-clad Warriors stand as resilient defenders. Harmonious Maestros unite diverse efforts, and Lone Rangers exemplify the power of independent decision-making. In the vast landscape of counter-terrorism, Luminous Beacons guide with hope, and Resolute Mountain Climbers showcase determination. Stellar Nurturers provide a healing touch, contrasting with the bold ambitions of Galactic Voyagers. The dance of leadership in counter-terrorism requires both grace and strength. Embracing the full spectrum of leadership styles, rooted in both traditionally feminine and masculine traits, is essential in forging a resilient and united stand against extremism.

Objective 3- Illuminating Women’s Profound Impact in Counter-Terrorism

As the sands of time shift, it’s evident that women are not just emerging as influencers but are increasingly taking charge, orchestrating changes in the highly complex world of counter-terrorism.

The Ascendant Age of Female Brilliance in Counter-Terrorism
Historically, the corridors of global security echoed with male-dominated voices. Today, however, women are not only part of these critical conversations but are also leading them. Their profound influence is being felt as they bring a fresh perspective, challenging established norms and practices.

Example- Nada Bakos, a former CIA analyst, wasn’t just another operative. She is known for her meticulous tracking of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, orchestrating the capture of the brain behind Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Her persistence and nuanced understanding of terrorist networks were unparalleled.
Example- Farah Pandith wasn’t just a diplomatic envoy. As the first-ever Special Representative to Muslim Communities, appointed by the US State Department, she traversed various nations, building bridges and facilitating meaningful dialogues with Muslim communities.

Breaking Boundaries, Shaping Narratives
Women in counter-terrorism are revolutionizing the way narratives are framed, emphasizing a balance between stringent actions and empathetic dialogues.

Example- Jessica Stern isn’t just a researcher. Her deep dives into the psyche of radicals have humanized the field of counter-terrorism. Instead of painting a monochromatic picture of terrorists, she offers colors of complexity that lead to constructive engagements.
Example- Anne Speckhard has been pivotal in understanding the internal dynamics of extremist groups. Her intimate interviews with terrorists shed light on their motivations, thus providing vital clues to counter radicalization.

Crafting 360° Solutions

To tackle the hydra of terrorism, women have exhibited an all-encompassing approach, understanding the links between varied global issues.

Example– Dr. Louise Shelley intricately weaves the narrative connecting terrorism, organized crime, and economic corruption. Her emphasis on following the money trail in terrorist networks has led to groundbreaking revelations.
Example- Valerie Plame’s exposure of nuclear arms proliferation isn’t just about international intrigue; it underlines the potential nexus between rogue states, terrorists, and nuclear arms, signaling a clear and present danger.

Diving Deep into Women’s Roles in Counter-Terrorism

Strategy Formulation- Beyond boots on the ground, women like Kimberly Kagan advocate for an all-encompassing approach. Kagan’s strategy in Afghanistan was far from linear – it integrated military muscle with grassroots mobilization and socio-political recalibration. Similarly, Joana Cook’s detailed research emphasizes the diverse roles women assume, from operatives to policy makers.

Intelligence Pioneering

The field of intelligence, often shrouded in mystery, has witnessed female luminaries like Gina Haspel and Sue Gordon. Their contributions aren’t just about gathering secrets but revolve around reshaping the very dynamics of international espionage, prioritizing certain threats and channels over others.

Community Diplomacy

Counter-terrorism isn’t merely about offense and defense; it’s also about building bridges. Women like Fatima Zaman and Edit Schlaffer have transformed grassroots movements into powerful tools against extremism, using dialogue and education as potent weapons.

Policy Innovators

In the labyrinth of policies, voices like Mariam Safi and Sanam NaraghiAnderliniecho the loudest. Their advocacy for gender inclusivity isn’t just a feminist stance; it’s about recognizing the different threats and challenges faced by diverse demographic groups.

Digital Terrorism Countermeasures & Eco-Terrorism

From the virtual realms where experts like Tara Wheeler combat digital terrorism threats to environmental frontiers where stalwarts like Wangari Maathai demonstrate the environmental peace nexus, women are pioneering multi-dimensional counter-terrorism measures.

Political Vanguard

Jacinda Ardern’s response to the Christchurch mosque shootings wasn’t just about leadership; it was about a global call for unity, demonstrating that leadership could be both strong and empathetic.
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the iron lady of Liberia, steered a war-torn nation towards peace, underlining the power of female leadership during the crisis.
Helle Thorning-Schmidt amplified Denmark’s emphasis on collective security, underscoring the importance of regional collaborations in the European theatre.

Spotlight Case Study- Torchbearers of Counter-Terrorism EvolutionThis arena is further enriched with the political prowess of leaders like:

Atifete Jahjaga of Kosovo, who championed international counter-terrorism collaborations, reminding us of the power of global unity.
Sheikh Hasina, steering Bangladesh, has been unyielding in her combat against extremism, showcasing the interplay between governance and security.
Sirimavo Bandaranaike grappled with insurgencies during the nascent stages of her leadership, setting a template for navigating a nation through tumultuous times.

The intricate mosaic of counter-terrorism, with its patterns and nuances, is being redefined by these women. Their stories serve as a testament to the indomitable spirit of women in ensuring a safer global present and tomorrow.

Objective 4- Analyzing the Unique Perspectives and Approaches of Women Leaders in Counter-Terrorism

While counter-terrorism efforts are universal in their objective of safeguarding nations and their citizens, the methods adopted by female leaders often exhibit a nuanced difference. This isn’t to suggest that male leaders overlook facets like education, diplomacy, or holistic frameworks, but female leaders, informed by unique life experiences and societal expectations, often bring to the table an approach that intertwines protective measures with nurturing, restoration, and healing. They display an innate ability to harmonize assertive strategies with a broader vision of societal cohesion and global collaboration. This blend, arguably born from centuries of women playing the role of caregivers, protectors, and harmonizers, often sees them venturing beyond conventional measures, diving deeper into the root causes and taking paths less traversed^[4]. As we delve deeper into specific examples, this inherent holistic and integrative perspective becomes more evident.

A Holistic Counter-Terrorism Framework

Leaders such as President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović of Croatia and Norway’s Prime Minister Erna Solberg underscore the synthesis of societal reforms and defense protocols, emphasizing the value of both in creating a secure and harmonious society.

Digital Defense Dynamics

The likes of Taiwan’s President Tsai Ing-wen and Estonia’s President Kersti Kaljulaid emphasize the modern challenges of cyber threats, pioneering in the realms of cybersecurity and digital defense.

The Power of Peaceful Dialogue

Diplomacy over confrontation is a trademark for many female leaders. Former Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland of Norway and Sushma Swaraj of India have often leaned into peaceful dialogues, even in the most tense international scenarios.

Embracing Inclusivity as a Fortification

Leaders like President Halimah Yacob of Singapore and Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir of Iceland see the strength in diversity and emphasize its role in national defense strategies.

Transnational Collaborative Measures

While many leaders champion collaboration, the likes of Germany’s Chancellor Angela Merkel and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia have notably leaned into international partnerships as a potent tool against terror.

Education as an Antidote

Emphasizing the role of education in counter-terrorism, leaders like President Dalia Grybauskaitė of Lithuania and Michelle Bachelet of Chile have underscored its importance in shaping minds resistant to extremist ideologies.

Gender Parity in Security Strategies

The narrative of female participation in peacekeeping and security roles has been amplified by leaders such as Roza Otunbayeva of Kyrgyzstan and Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka of the UN.

Navigating Diplomatic Corridors for Peace

Leaders such as Federica Mogherini, former High Representative of the EU, and Aisha Yesufu, a Nigerian socio-political activist, have notably employed dialogues and negotiations as potent tools in their leadership arsenal.

In the realm of counter-terrorism, the strategies carved out by women leaders reflect a profound understanding of human complexities. Their approaches, while assertive, don’t merely target surface symptoms but delve deeper into addressing foundational issues that breed extremism. These strategies, informed by their unique perspectives as women and the multiplicity of roles they’ve historically undertaken, fuse the immediate with the long-term, the national with the global. It’s a testament to the need for diverse leadership in our quest to sculpt a secure and harmonious global tapestry.

Objective 5- Navigating Challenges and Barriers

Before delving deep into the maze of challenges women face in counter-terrorism, it’s important to emphasize why this discourse matters. It isn’t just about elevating women but enriching counter-terrorism strategies with nuanced perspectives. The interplay of cultural, systemic, and institutional barriers paints a compelling tapestry of resilience, innovation, and determination exhibited by these women leaders^[5].

The Labyrinth of Institutions

Historical Gender Frames-Venturing into the counter-terrorism arena, women often find themselves up against the towering walls of traditions. Organizations like Mossad, MI6, and the FBI (with figures such as Susan M. Gordon in key roles) have illustrious histories but have been largely male-dominated. Bringing down such barriers isn’t about dismantling legacies but embracing evolution.

The Mirage of Representation- Despite significant strides, women like Gina Haspel (CIA’s first female director) and Kirstjen Nielsen (former Secretary of Homeland Security) remain exceptions rather than norms. For them, ascending the ranks felt like walking a tightrope – balancing the weight of legacy, expectation, and groundbreaking leadership. This isn’t just a hiring conundrum but affects the breadth of insights and policy directions.

Institutional Rigidity- Imagine trying to introduce AI in an agency still stuck with typewriters. This challenge mirrors Rosalind Franklin’s struggles in the mid-20th century scientific community. While she made crucial contributions to understanding the structure of DNA, her work was often overshadowed in the male-dominated field. Just as Franklin grappled with the lack of recognition and collaboration dynamics skewed by gender norms, today’s women leaders in counter-terrorism face entrenched institutional mindsets resistant to change.

Society’s Magnifying Lens

The Competence Quagmire- Women leaders, like Sushma Swaraj who steered India’s diplomatic maneuvers, and Christine Lagarde, at the helm of the IMF, constantly found their decisions under microscopic scrutiny. It’s less about the leader and more about societal predispositions.

The Delicate Balance- Consider the balance beam in gymnastics, where one must align strength and poise perfectly. Margaret Thatcher, with her firm decisions, showcased strength. On the other hand, Jacinda Ardern’s compassionate response after the Christchurch attacks embodied poise. Both leaders, though different in approach, navigated the challenge of balancing empathy and assertiveness in a world with pre-defined molds for women’s leadership.

Dual-Hat Dilemma- A woman’s role in society is multi-faceted. While someone like Benazir Bhutto led Pakistan’s counter-terrorism efforts, figures like Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia also played the roles of a mother and grandmother, juggling personal commitments and state affairs.

Resisting Wholistic Solutions

Clash with Tradition- Traditional counter-terrorism blueprints may not always align with the wholistic approaches that women leaders often advocated for, as seen in the community-based strategies proposed by Ilwad Elman in Somalia.

The Allure of Immediate Results- Think of a chef trying to perfect a complex dish but feeling the pressure to serve it quickly. Leaders like Norway’s Gro Harlem Brundtland and Colombia’s Clara Lopez Obregon experienced similar pressures. While they championed long-term peace and reconciliation, they often grappled with the challenge of addressing urgent crises while staying committed to their broader visionary solutions.

The Shadow of Risks

Targeted Vulnerabilities- Prominent figures like Malala Yousafzai, advocating for education amidst extremist threats, can inadvertently draw the ire of extremist factions. Their visibility, coupled with gender biases within extremist groups, can amplify risks.

Mental Battles- Managing security crises is taxing, more so when gender dynamics add layers of complexity. Rigoberta Menchú’s experiences in Guatemala highlight the importance of resources that address the mental toll, such as counseling and mentorship.

Policy Landmines-

Gender Dynamics in Policy Making- Policies fostering gender equality, at times, can be seen as biases. Leaders like Canada’s Chrystia Freeland have emphasized gender-focused approaches in policy, underscoring the broader benefits.

Resistance to Structural Evolution- Advocating reforms, such as promoting women to pivotal roles in agencies like the FSB in Russia or the Shin Bet in Israel, might encounter resistance from traditionalists, reminiscent of the challenges faced by Nada Al-Ahdal in Yemen.

As we navigate the labyrinth of challenges and barriers within the realm of counter-terrorism, it’s clear that the value of diverse leadership extends beyond mere representation. It’s about weaving together the myriad strategies, insights, and experiences that women leaders bring forth. For a counter-terrorism strategy that’s not just robust, but also visionary, understanding and addressing these challenges isn’t just essential – it’s imperative. Only through such clarity can we pave the way for a more inclusive and innovative approach to global security.

Objective 6- Strategies for Integrating Women’s Leadership in Counter-Terrorism Dynamics

In the ever-evolving milieu of global security, counter-terrorism stands as one of the pillars that demand continuous innovation and adaptability. Much like the vast ecosystems of our planet, where every species has a role to play, counter-terrorism too needs the harmonious integration of varied perspectives. This study asserts the necessity to usher in a fresh approach for strategizing how to integrate the women’s leadership in counter-terrorism dynamics^[6].

Promoting Inclusivity

Objective Recruitment and Advancement- Imagine an orchestra where every instrument is the same. The resultant sound, while harmonious, lacks depth and diversity. Similarly, by championing gender-neutral recruitment, security agencies can ensure a rich tapestry of perspectives that mirrors the multifaceted challenges of terrorism.

Mentorship and Role Models- The trail blazed by figures like Lynne Owens stands as a testament to the heights women can achieve. These pioneers not only serve as inspiration but also as mentors, ensuring that the flame they ignited continues to burn brightly.

Broad-based Diversity Efforts- Diversity is not just a buzzword; it’s the backbone of innovation. Embracing an all-encompassing approach to diversity ensures that strategies are robust, holistic, and representative of the world we inhabit.

Evolving Institutional Dynamics-

Inclusive Leadership Education- Cultural transformation is not an overnight endeavor. It requires consistent effort, top-down commitment, and grassroots enthusiasm. As ancient mariners used the stars to navigate, today’s leadership programs can act as guiding constellations, highlighting the importance of inclusivity and diversity.

Clear Pathways to Advancement- Every professional journey requires a roadmap. By elucidating clear, unbiased criteria for career progression, institutions can ensure that everyone, irrespective of gender, knows the terrain and destination.

Adaptable Work Models- Flexibility in the workplace is not just a perk but a necessity. These models, especially in the digital age, ensure that work-life balance is not a tightrope walk but a harmonious dance.

Endorsing Comprehensive Strategies-

Policy Lobbying- Reactive measures in counter-terrorism are like applying band-aids on deep wounds. A proactive, policy-driven approach ensures that the root causes are addressed, leading to long-term solutions.

Grassroots Involvement- The strength of a structure lies in its foundation. By integrating local communities and ensuring women are at the forefront, strategies are grounded, relatable, and effective.

Educational Drives- The seeds of peace are sown in the minds of the young. Women leaders, with their nurturing instincts, can emphasize the role of education in cultivating a future devoid of extremist ideologies.

Prioritizing Well-being and Safety-

Security Protocols- The cornerstone of any strategy lies in its safeguarding measures. Women in counter-terrorism often find themselves under unique threats. Instituting rigorous security protocols ensures that these leaders can function without looming threats, much like the fortified walls of a citadel protecting its inhabitants.

Emotional and Psychological Support- The world of counter-terrorism is strewn with challenges that test one’s emotional and mental mettle. Offering avenues for mental health and emotional well-being is akin to providing safety nets in treacherous terrains.

Evaluation and Responsibility

Gender-Specific Analytics– Continuous evaluation and feedback mechanisms act as the lifeblood of any evolving system. By diving deep into gender-specific data, organizations can continually refine their strategies, much like a gardener pruning and nurturing plants for optimal growth.

Objective Supervision- An unbiased, external oversight mechanism serves as the conscience of an organization, ensuring that the path towards gender equity remains clear, accountable, and illuminated.

Collaborations and Global Synergy-

International Women’s Networks- By forging global partnerships, women leaders can pool resources, share experiences, and craft collective strategies. These networks act as global think tanks, amplifying the influence and reach of each member.

Upholding Global Pledges- Resolutions like those of the UN stand as guiding stars. Adhering to these global commitments not only amplifies credibility but also ensures alignment with the best global practices.

Elevating Public Consciousness and Advocacy-

Media Depiction- The media wields the power to shape perceptions. By showcasing the successes and contributions of women in counter-terrorism, they can rewrite narratives, dispelling myths, and solidifying realities.

Awareness Drives- Knowledge is the catalyst for change. Awareness campaigns can act as beacons, enlightening societies about the monumental impact of women’s leadership in counter-terrorism.

In-depth Analysis and Reflection-

Continuous Research- As counter-terrorism efforts evolve, the incorporation of women in leadership roles must be regularly assessed. Constant research ensures strategies effectively integrate gender perspectives and remain in line with changing realities.

Knowledge Sharing- Sharing research insights about the successes and challenges of women’s integration in counter-terrorism paves the way for broader understanding and best practice adoption, encouraging a more inclusive global approach.

In essence, integrating women’s leadership into counter-terrorism is not just an additive measure but a fundamental transformation. From inclusivity in recruitment to global collaborations and continuous research, each strategy the study outlined reinforces the imperative of a gender-balanced approach^[7]. As we move forward, it’s clear that women’s perspectives are not merely supplementary; they are central to crafting a more resilient and comprehensive counter-terrorism framework.

Objective 7- Fostering the Next Generation

Nurturing Future Pioneers in Counter-terrorism

Adapting to the Nuances of the Modern World

While the evolution of terror tactics in the 21st century has been formidable, traditional male-dominated strategies have occasionally shown blind spots. The rise of digital arenas for recruitment, the emboldening of non-state entities, and endemic issues like poverty and inequality have transformed the battlefield. Women, with their unique experiences and vantage points, offer solutions that move beyond just military or intelligence interventions. They bring a rich understanding of the societal, cultural, and psychological drivers behind radicalism, making their involvement not just beneficial, but essential.

Strategizing Across Multiple Fronts

Harnessing the capabilities of women in counter-terrorism demands a multifaceted approach-

Reimagining Training Protocols– Beyond the traditional boot camps, there’s a need for curricula emphasizing emotional intelligence, cultural understanding, and community building – areas where women have historically shown prowess.

Local Community Engagement- Women often possess intrinsic ties to their communities, allowing them to gather grassroots-level intelligence, detect early signs of radicalization, and foster trust more effectively.

Cyber Domains- With the internet being a significant tool for radicalization, women, especially those with tech acumen, can play a pivotal role in digital surveillance, cyber forensics, and online counter-propaganda.

Psychological Warfare- Women’s often innate empathy and communication skills can be instrumental in deradicalization programs, hostage negotiations, and rehabilitating former extremists.

Global Integration and Collaborative Diplomacy

The challenge of terrorism is global, and solutions need international cohesion. Women can be pivotal diplomats, weaving together international alliances and fostering collaboration. Their often collaborative nature can bridge divides, ensuring that nations work cohesively rather than in silos.

Crafting a Legacy for Tomorrow

It’s essential to recognize that our actions today shape the legacy we leave for future generations. By empowering women in counter-terrorism roles, we’re sending a powerful message about inclusivity, resilience, and adaptability. Such endeavors can inspire young girls worldwide, assuring them that they, too, can be leaders and changemakers in even the most challenging domains. This, in essence, lays the foundation for a more balanced, fortified, and hopeful future^[8].

Objective 8- Augmenting Global Security Efforts

Pioneering Counter-Terrorism

Bridging Tradition with Tomorrow- The contemporary world sits at an intersection of age-old wisdom and emerging paradigms. As such, our approach to global security efforts requires a fresh, hybrid perspective, knitting the past’s insights with future-forward strategies.

The Quantum Leap in Security- Beyond just the digital realm, the potential implications of quantum computing on security are profound. Tapping into quantum-resistant cryptographic measures can transform the landscape of data protection, preventing extremist digital breaches.

Narrative Warfare- Countering extremist narratives isn’t solely about dismantling them; it’s about crafting compelling counter-narratives. Harnessing the power of storytelling, both in traditional and new media, can subtly reshape perceptions and challenge extremist views.

Nature as a Diplomat- Eco-diplomacy, the use of shared environmental concerns to bridge divides, can be a potent tool against extremism. Collaborative efforts to combat environmental challenges can unify diverse groups, reducing grounds for radical ideologies.

Space-Age Surveillance- With advancements in satellite technology, real-time global surveillance is no longer the stuff of fiction. Utilizing space-based assets can provide unparalleled intelligence, making our world a more transparent and safer place.

Artificial Intelligence Ethics in Security- As AI takes a front seat in predictive analytics, ensuring these algorithms are ethically sourced and devoid of biases is essential. Fair and balanced AI can make predictions more accurate, avoiding unnecessary profiling and targeting.

The Gender Lens in Security- Gender isn’t just about representation; it’s about a unique lens of viewing challenges. Integrating feminine perspectives can unveil overlooked vulnerabilities and solutions in the counter-terrorism domain, making strategies more holistic.

In essence, navigating the evolving realm of global security efforts and counter-terrorism strategies demands both novelty and reverence for time-tested principles. By intertwining the two, we not only build robust defenses but also pave the way for a harmonized global community^[9].

Conclusion

In the evolving landscape of modern terrorism, the potency of our counter-terrorism efforts hinges on embracing diverse leadership styles. This research underscores the profound synergy that arises when we merge ‘feminine’ and ‘masculine’ traits: where Chess Masters’ strategic vision complements the Web-Weavers’ innate ability to foster connections. Similarly, the unwavering fortitude of Steel-clad Warriors is enriched by the compassionate insights of Heart-led Healers. Such a melding of attributes not only reshapes our understanding but also bolsters our proactive stance against extremism. This approach transcends mere reactions, delving into the roots of extremism and championing global collaboration. Conclusion to the findings is the realization that a holistic, gender-inclusive strategy—melding timely interventions with forward-thinking strategies—is the cornerstone for a secure, inclusive, global future.

Author Brief Bio:Dr. Aakansha Bhawsar is a former Scientist, ICMR Headquarters, and Visiting Fellow, India Foundation, New Delhi.

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