Introduction
German philosopher Jürgen Habermas extensively theorised the concept of the public sphere.[1] According to Habermas, the public sphere is a space where individuals come together to discuss and debate matters of common interest, free from external pressures and influences. It is a realm of social life where public opinion is formed, and it plays a crucial role in democratic societies by allowing citizens to participate in the decision-making process. The public sphere is characterised by open communication and rational debate, ideally leading to consensus on important societal issues.
Undoubtedly, many public spheres can co-exist; we can call them split public spheres. In India, there are separate public spheres where women, Dalits or LGBTQ+ can interact freely and promote their ideas unapologetically. The strongest public sphere, which has a rich intellectual history in independent India and which received support from the government of the day and abroad, is the liberal public sphere. The liberal public sphere has dominated the intellectual discourse and made its presence felt everywhere, including academia, media, NGO, arts and literature. The liberals are connected well in India, and their umbilical cord is attached at the international level, where they draw inspiration and support from time to time. Other views and spheres require validation from liberals as they control public discourse. Those who do not ally with the liberal public sphere are summarily cancelled. In recent years, it has been observed that the liberal public sphere is dominated by Communists, Islamists and the Wokes, who have deviated from the core principles of liberalism. There is a need for a counter-public sphere to make space for other ideas to flourish.
Conservatism Public Sphere
Conservatism, as an ideology, developed in Europe and the US in the last 200 years. It believes in the ideas and institutions of nationalism, family, faith and tradition. In party systems of democracies like the US and the United Kingdom, one pole is represented by Conservative parties. In India, conservatism has seen many ups and downs, both pre-independence and after. It became a marginalised idea during the era of the Nehruvian Consensus of socialism, secularism and non-alignment. It started gaining ground with the emergence of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as the other pole of Indian politics. After 1990, we saw a shift in Indian politics, with the BJP emerging as an important player. Later, it also formed governments – first under Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s leadership and then under Narendra Modi. Along with liberal voices, now conservative streams have also started gaining ground – beginning in politics and slowly moving to other sectors.
Today, the ideological contest between liberalism and conservatism is shaping the future of India’s democracy. As liberalism continues to influence the mainstream discourse, there is a growing recognition of the need for a more balanced approach that allows conservative ideas to coexist and contribute to the national dialogue. This recognition underscores the importance of creating a conservative public sphere in India, where diverse perspectives can be debated and where the values of tradition, culture, and continuity can be preserved and respected.
The Conservative public sphere in India encompasses the arenas of discourse and practice where conservative values and ideas are articulated, debated, and promoted. This sphere reflects a distinctive vision of Indian society, shaped by a commitment to traditional values, cultural heritage, and national identity. It manifests across various domains, including politics, media, education, and social institutions, and plays a crucial role in shaping the country’s ideological landscape.
The Imperative
While liberalism remains dominant in contemporary discourse, the increasing visibility of conservative thought reflects a broader need for ideological pluralism. For India to thrive as a diverse and vibrant democracy, both liberal and conservative voices must be given space in the public sphere, ensuring a more inclusive and balanced national conversation. Due to the influence of the current government, a conducive environment is being created, which emboldens conservative ideas in India. However, despite this political support, the conservative narrative remains somewhat underdeveloped. This stems from the significant gap between the flourishing of conservative thought during the independence struggle and its recent revival. Unlike liberal ideas, which have enjoyed a continuous evolution, conservative traditions in India have faced interruptions and have not been as deeply ingrained in the nation’s political and intellectual framework.
Today, social media influencers, media outlets and some authors and columnists are aligned with conservative principles, primarily due to the presence of the BJP government. However, the real challenge lies in determining how deeply rooted these conservative ideas and thinkers are within society. The conservative tradition has not yet experienced the natural, grassroots growth that would make it resilient in changing political landscapes. If the current government were to lose power, there is a real risk that this nascent conservative ecosystem could weaken or dissipate.
The central argument here is that for conservative ideas to thrive genuinely, they must do so independently of government power. Conservatism must evolve into a robust intellectual tradition with a strong public sphere that stands independently, regardless of which political party is in power. Just as the liberal public sphere continues to influence society independently, so should a conservative public sphere. This conservative sphere should be solid enough that conservative scholars, researchers, and intellectuals are embedded in various sectors, from academia to media to arts, ensuring these ideas have a permanent and influential place in public discourse.
For example, the liberal public sphere in India has thrived in universities, think tanks, and cultural institutions, often independent of the political environment. Whether or not the government is sympathetic to liberal ideologies, these institutions continue to nurture and promote liberal thought. Similarly, the conservative public sphere must be developed to a point where it becomes a permanent peg that balances the Indian society, capable of sustaining and promoting conservative ideas even without political backing. The dominance of left-liberal discourse in academia and media has often marginalised conservative perspectives and distorted the understanding of Indian history and culture. This critique of the current intellectual environment highlights the challenges conservative viewpoints face in gaining recognition and influence. Addressing this imbalance is crucial for fostering a more inclusive and diverse intellectual landscape.[2]
A thriving democracy depends on the coexistence and competition of diverse ideas. Since India’s independence, socialist, secular and left-liberal values have dominated the political discourse. However, for a truly balanced democratic discourse, there must be an alternative sphere where other ideas can also flourish. In a modern democracy, the presence and interaction of liberal and conservative spheres are essential, and each must be given space to develop and contribute. While a government sympathetic to conservative ideals can help accelerate the creation of this sphere, the conservative public sphere must grow strong enough to stand independently, ensuring that conservative ideas continue contributing to India’s intellectual and cultural landscape regardless of political shifts. With the current environment being conducive, building and solidifying this conservative public sphere should be urgently pursued, ensuring it becomes a lasting and influential force in India’s democratic dialogue process.
Nurture Indian Conservatism
While conservative values may resonate with many, the lack of coherent and thoughtful defence often leaves these principles vulnerable to misinterpretation or dismissal. John Kekes observes, “There is no shortage of conservatives, but there is a shortage of systematic, articulate and reasonable attempts to defend conservatism.”[3] This insight underscores the pressing need for a well-defined conservative public sphere. A robust conservative public sphere is essential for articulating and defending conservatism’s intellectual and cultural foundations and countering the negative trends spreading in the name of liberalism. A multifaceted approach that integrates ideological, cultural, and political strategies is essential to cultivating a thriving conservative public sphere in India. This endeavour begins with strengthening the ideological foundations of Indian conservatism. By articulating a clear and coherent vision that addresses contemporary issues while remaining rooted in traditional values, conservatism can establish a robust and relatable identity. This ideological clarity is crucial for engaging effectively with other political and social ideologies, ensuring that conservative principles resonate with a diverse audience and address current challenges.
Educational outreach is another cornerstone in nurturing a vibrant conservative public sphere. Integrating conservative perspectives into educational curricula and promoting initiatives emphasising traditional values and cultural heritage can shape the next generation’s understanding of conservatism. Support for research, academic seminars, and the development of educational materials reflecting conservative thought can enrich public discourse. Collaborations with academic institutions to offer programs and courses on Indian conservative principles can foster informed and engaged individuals who contribute meaningfully to the conservative conversation.
Intellectual and cultural engagement further enriches the conservative public sphere. Encouraging scholarly research and debate on conservative theories and values can deepen public understanding and support for conservative principles. Think tanks, academic journals, and intellectual forums provide platforms for conservative scholars to share insights and influence broader discussions on policy and governance. Concurrently, promoting cultural activities that celebrate traditional values and heritage—such as festivals, exhibitions, and literature—can reinforce the cultural dimension of conservatism and engage the public on a profound level. Building community support is vital for sustaining a conservative public sphere. Engaging with local communities and addressing their specific concerns through grassroots initiatives can translate conservative values into tangible benefits. Community-driven social programs and advocacy can demonstrate the practical impact of conservative principles, fostering broader acceptance and support. By addressing local issues and promoting community welfare, the conservative public sphere can gain credibility and resonance among the populace.
In the political realm, conservative parties and leaders must navigate the complexities of coalition politics and governance. Forming alliances with like-minded groups and focusing on key policy areas that align with conservative values can enhance political influence. Effective policy advocacy and pragmatic solutions to contemporary issues help advance conservative agendas within the political system. Balancing ideological purity with practical governance is essential for maintaining a credible and influential conservative presence. Finally, adaptability and inclusivity are crucial for the conservative public sphere. Engaging with diverse perspectives and addressing societal changes ensures that conservatism remains relevant and appealing to a broader audience. The conservative public sphere can build a resilient and dynamic presence by demonstrating how conservative principles can address contemporary challenges and respect diversity while upholding traditional values. Fostering a thriving conservative public sphere in India requires a nuanced approach that integrates ideological clarity, media engagement, educational outreach, intellectual discourse, community support, political strategy, and inclusivity. By implementing these strategies, conservatism can establish a prominent and influential role in shaping India’s public discourse, policy, and cultural life.
The role of media and digital platforms is pivotal in advancing the conservative public sphere. Strategic use of traditional media—such as newspapers and television—coupled with innovative digital outreach through social media platforms can significantly expand the reach of conservative voices. Crafting compelling content that speaks to modern issues from a conservative perspective and employing data analytics to tailor messages can enhance the visibility and influence of conservative discourse. Such a comprehensive media strategy helps shape public perception and foster a broader engagement with conservative ideas.
Engagement with the Western Conservativism
In his concluding remarks in What is Conservatism, John Kekes asserts, “The strongest version of conservatism is then moral, reflective, moderately sceptical, pluralistic, traditionalist, and realistically pessimistic.”[4] This formulation offers a robust framework for Indian conservatism, suggesting that a balanced approach —one that is rooted in moral principles, open to reflection and scepticism, respectful of diversity, anchored in tradition, and tempered by a realistic view of human nature, holds the greatest promise for fostering a stable and just society. By embracing these characteristics, Indian conservatism can distinguish itself as a compelling alternative, capable of guiding the nation toward a harmonious future that honors its cultural heritage while navigating the complexities of modern life.
Howard L. Erdman, in his work Conservative Politics in India, observed that “Indian conservatism is, thus, more potent than might be suggested to the casual eye,” noting that much of this conservatism was latent or disguised, not always visible through the explicit positions of political parties.[5] Erdman predicted that with the passing of Nehru, there would be “an increase in overt conservative activity,” a forecast that has indeed materialised over time. Today, we see the realisation of Erdman’s insights as Indian conservatism has moved from the shadows into the mainstream. What was once a latent force has become a prominent influence in shaping the nation’s political and cultural landscape. The groundwork for a robust conservative movement in India has been laid, and it continues to grow, reflecting the deep-seated values and traditions that Erdman identified decades ago.
This transformation underscores the enduring strength of Indian conservatism, which now plays a pivotal role in guiding the nation’s future. In discussing the influence of Western thought on India, Swapan Dasgupta highlights that while figures like Bentham and Marx significantly shaped modern Indian intellectual life, the influences on Indian conservatism have mainly been indigenous.[6] Rooted in Sanskrit literature, culture, and tradition, Indian conservatism diverges from its Western counterpart, drawing on local sources of authority and wisdom. This indigenous conservatism has not been as thoroughly studied or documented, making it a fertile area for further exploration. Understanding this distinct trajectory is crucial for appreciating the uniqueness of Indian conservatism, particularly in how it blends with or resists Western ideological frameworks.
In the past 200-300 years, liberalism has evolved significantly from its classical roots, adapting to new global challenges and contexts. Contemporary liberalism has grappled with a range of complex issues, including radical Islam, cultural Marxism, and the impact of globalisation. These developments have brought to the forefront new threats to democracy, societal cohesion, and international order. Issues such as China’s expansionist policies, radical Islamist movements, and challenges related to illegal immigration have raised concerns about global stability and democratic integrity. As a response, new conservative parties and ideologies are emerging worldwide, aiming to address these threats and restore balance. This resurgence of conservatism is not merely a reaction but a proactive attempt to navigate the evolving global landscape and counteract threats that jeopardise peace, socio-cultural stability, and national security.
India faces similar challenges, with its geopolitical position making it vulnerable to issues such as radical Islamism and the expansionist tendencies of China. Additionally, the issue of illegal immigration from neighbouring Bangladesh and Myanmar adds another layer of complexity. In this context, the revival of conservatism in India is a political phenomenon and a response to these pressing challenges. Comparing Indian and Western conservatism provides valuable insights into their respective trajectories and impacts. This comparison can help illuminate the similarities and differences between these two forms of conservatism and their implications for the global ideological landscape.
The conservative public sphere in India has grown stronger politically and is increasingly shaping other areas of public life, including culture, academia, and media. The demographic strength of India, combined with its robust conservative forces, provides a unique opportunity for Indian conservatism to align with its Western counterparts. This alignment can be beneficial in addressing common threats and navigating shared challenges. While there are contentious issues and differences between Indian and Western conservatism, there are also significant areas of commonality. Both face similar global challenges and threats, and their collaboration could enhance their ability to respond effectively.
By focusing on shared objectives and finding common ground, Indian and Western conservatism can work together to safeguard democratic values, maintain peace, and preserve cultural integrity in the face of evolving global dynamics. As conservatism continues to shape political and cultural landscapes in both contexts, a collaborative approach could provide a stronger, more unified response to the complex issues facing democracies worldwide. Embracing this collaboration while navigating contentious issues can lead to a more resilient and effective conservative movement that benefits India and the broader international community. The case for fostering a conservative public sphere in India is not merely about bolstering a particular political ideology but ensuring a balanced and pluralistic environment where diverse perspectives can engage meaningfully.
Conservatism, as a philosophy, does not claim to offer ultimate answers to society’s complex and evolving challenges. Instead, it serves a vital function by reminding us of the institutional prerequisites of social order—those foundational structures that underpin stability and continuity. When these institutional pillars are threatened or weakened, conservatism becomes relevant and essential, providing the necessary counterbalance to rapid change and ideological upheaval.[7]
Conclusion
In conclusion, the case for building a conservative public sphere in India is deeply intertwined with the need for a robust, pluralistic environment that transcends transient political landscapes. While the current political dispensation may provide a platform for conservative ideas, this alone is insufficient for conservatism’s long-term sustainability and intellectual legitimacy. A conservative public sphere must be grounded in the deeper currents of India’s cultural and intellectual heritage, cultivated through continuous engagement with a broad spectrum of ideologies.
The health of any democracy relies on the diversity of voices and perspectives that challenge, refine, and balance each other. A space where conservatism thrives naturally—not because it is imposed or politically advantageous but because it is a vital part of the national discourse—ensures that Indian conservatism remains dynamic and evolves organically within the fabric of society. To achieve this, a vibrant conservative public sphere must be rooted in intellectual rigour and public engagement, ensuring it does not remain isolated from other ideological frameworks. It should be a space where conservatism is not merely reactionary or nostalgic but a forward-looking philosophy that adapts to contemporary challenges while preserving core values. This requires engagement with diverse ideas—liberal, progressive, socialist, and others—thus fostering an arena where ideas are contested, debated, and refined. Such a sphere would safeguard the integrity of conservative thought and allow it to evolve in response to societal needs and global developments, preventing it from becoming dogmatic or outdated.
Moreover, a thriving conservative public sphere must emerge from civil society, academia, media, and cultural institutions, which play crucial roles in shaping public opinion and discourse. These spaces should nurture thoughtful conservative intellectuals, writers, and public figures who can articulate conservative ideas in ways that resonate with the broader public. The role of conservative think tanks, educational institutions, and cultural forums is paramount in this regard, as they provide platforms for sustained ideological exchange and reflection, allowing conservatism to articulate its responses to contemporary issues such as globalisation, technological change, and shifting social values. Building such a public sphere also ensures that conservative ideas are not marginalised in academia or the media. A truly inclusive and democratic public sphere must resist the temptation to sideline any ideology. Instead, it should promote a balanced discourse where all ideologies, including conservatism, can critically engage. In this setting, conservatism would not merely be a counterpoint to progressivism but would emerge as an influential and constructive force that contributes to nation-building and social cohesion.
By making space for conservatism in the broader intellectual and public discourse, India can foster a dynamic interplay of ideas essential for a thriving democracy. In this pluralistic environment, conservatism would find its place as one of many competing and cooperating ideologies that shape the contours of Indian society. This is not merely about achieving ideological balance but about recognising that a flourishing public sphere, where different viewpoints engage meaningfully with each other, strengthens the social and political fabric of the nation. Through this approach, conservatism would be seen not as a relic of the past or a fleeting political trend but as a vital, evolving force within the spectrum of India’s ideological landscape, contributing to its democratic vitality.
Author Brief Bio: Dr. Swadesh Singh teaches Political Science at Delhi University and is a Distinguished Fellow at India Foundation.
[1] Habermas, J., Lennox, S., & Lennox, F. (1974). The Public Sphere: An Encyclopaedia Article (1964). New German Critique, 3, 49–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/487737
[2] Singh, S. ‘In Quest of an India Right’ India Foundation Journal, August, 2017 Vol. 5 (4), p. 13-18
[3] Kekes, J. (1997). What Is Conservatism? Philosophy, 72(281), 351–374. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3751738
[4] Kekes J. 1997. What is Conservatism? Philosophy.;72(281):351-374
[5] Erdman, H. L. (1966). Conservative Politics in India. Asian Survey, 6(6), 338–347. https://doi.org/10.2307/2642383
[6] King’s College London. (2015, December 16). Indian conservatism and the compulsions of political power [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnVKXvDEKP4
[7] Huntington, S. P. (1957). Conservatism as an Ideology. The American Political Science Review, 51(2), 454–473. https://doi.org/10.2307/1952202
